National IPM Database - 2002 New Jersey Peach PMSP:

New Jersey Peach PMSP

Source

Title	New Jersey Peach PMSP
PDF Document	https://ipmdata.ipmcenters.org/documents/pmsps/njpeach.pdf
Source Type	Pest Management Strategic Plans
Source Date	04/11/2002
Settings	Peach
Region	Northeastern
States	New Jersey

Executive Summary

Key Pests

PDF

https://ipmdata.ipmcenters.org/documents/pmsps/njpeach.pdf

Settings/Crops

Priorities

Category	Rank	Pest Type	Crop Stage	Priority
Extension/Outreach	1	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Public education in IPM, tied to research with the goal of improving economics to the grower is needed. Funding should be increased in research, education, and Extension.
Extension/Outreach	2	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Public education in pest management tools that promote peach farming is needed.
Extension/Outreach	3	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Integrated Orchard Management (IOM and its pest management components) carry considerable management costs that are seldom given due weight for high-value commodities such as peaches. Growers, especially processing growers, need orchard consultants to successfully implement increasingly complex pest management options. The economics of pest management must be reexamined in light of its non-farm benefits to society in order to sustain a badly need cadre of pest management consultants. Integrated Orchard Management is a key element of both worker safety and environmental stewardship.
Extension/Outreach	4	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Educate growers on the multiple weed control benefits of site specific Orchard Floor Management programs.
Extension/Outreach	5	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Best management practices for mitigating in-orchard spread of virus and other systemic tree diseases have become an industry priority.
Regulatory	1	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Regulatory decisions on re-entry intervals (REIs) need to recognize the need to conduct field essential activities. Cost/benefit should be considered in making REI decisions.
Regulatory	2	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Regulatory decisions on OPs have extended pre-harvest intervals (PHIs). This is a problem when late season insect control is needed. The effect of longer PHIs on IPM programs needs to be fully considered in regulatory decisions and in the evaluation of mitigation options.
Regulatory	3	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	American produce growers, including peach growers, should receive assurance that foreign producers will be held to U.S. standards for pesticide labels. Tolerances should not allow foreign competitors unfair advantages. New Jersey growers believe tolerances should be same for imports as US grown peaches.
Regulatory	4	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Resistance management is a key concern with orchard pests. Rotating pesticides to expose pests to varied modes-of-action is the most feasible management option. Regulatory decisions should thoroughly consider resistance management and maintain multiple modes-of-action for use against key pests.
Regulatory	5	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Peaches are highly dependent on hand labor. The quantification of worker exposure to individual pesticides is needed for all key in-orchard activities. Better risk data on both acute and cumulative pesticide exposure in peach production is needed.
Regulatory	6	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Critical point analysis (HACCP) for both microbial and pesticide residue risks is badly needed to model risks from harvest through shipment.
Regulatory	7	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Region-wide virus and phytoplasma tree-health programs should be required in order to mitigate potential spread of virus including plum pox virus (PPV), and reduce the incidence of less catastrophic, endemic viruses. Further, nursery certification and elimination of non-certified stocks is an industry priority.
Regulatory	8	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Examine ways to limit landowner liability exposure to encourage landowners to open hunting access on their property.
Regulatory	9	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Examine revenue generating ideas like leasing land for hunting and other wildlife related recreation.
Regulatory	10	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Develop policies to encourage state-funded deer fence programs.
Regulatory	11	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Develop policies to encourage state-funded deer fence programs.
Regulatory	12	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Inside/outside regulatory efforts are needed to minimize flooding of market by California peach growers.
Research	1	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Transition strategies must simultaneously address short- and long-term needs. The immediate grower need is reliable, affordable, low-risk pest management alternatives to augment diminishing availability of standard materials.
Research	2	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Ultimately, transition strategies must develop practical, affordable IPM systems that employ lowerrisk pesticides. Growers want New Jersey peach IPM re-invented in a fashion that merits praise from economic, social, and environmental perspectives. Stable IPM funding is essential if we are to reach that goal.
Research	3	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Growers need improved understanding of biology for key peach pests and their natural enemies to create biologically-refined monitoring and predictive tools. In New Jersey, pest biology and behavior studies for plum curculio and oriental fruit moth are key prerequisites to the evolution of IPM options.
Research	4	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Efficacy assessments of developing pest management options, such as lower-risk pesticides and biorational controls should be a component of this research. Promising options must be incorporated into existing commercial practice. But, impacts on primary, secondary, and induced pests; beneficials; and “new” pests must be carefully studied.
Research	4	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	New cost-effective tools for insect pest management are needed, instead of reliance solely on cheaper pyrethroids. Pyrethroids are entirely unacceptable as mainstay insecticides in New Jersey peach culture because they induce secondary pests. Low risk insecticides that do not promote scale problems are badly needed for stink bugs and opportunistic fruit pests.
Research	5	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Additionally, treatment thresholds for key pests need to be developed as economic thresholds are not applicable in peaches (the value of the crop is unknown till picked and/or stored).
Research	6	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Scale, primarily San Jose and white peach, have become damaging primary pests. This elevation in pest status is attributable to changes in pesticide availability. Research should focus on scale biology and model development to improve timing of insecticide applications.
Research	7	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Peachtree borer and lesser peachtree borer are also key tree pests. Borer treatment thresholds are presently a long-term research challenge.
Research	8	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	New Jersey growers need monitoring tools for plum curculio, stink bugs, thrips, and tarnished plant bug.
Research	9	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Likewise, New Jersey peach growers need treatment thresholds to determine if control measures are needed or not.
Research	10	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Beetles (Japanese, green, June, rose chafers, and white fringed) are occasionally very difficult to control. Research needs should include these occasional but highly problematic pests.
Research	11	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Although current disease control programs are mostly effective, environmental variation can and does result in major epidemic outbreaks. In addition, some diseases, such as constriction canker, currently lack effective controls. Consequently, key research and extension needs exist.
Research	12	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Growers need predictive modeling for all peach diseases to better time control practices. Monitoring techniques and sampling protocols need to be developed for key diseases to allow advanced warning of inoculum availability for significant infection. Such information should allow determination of “orchard risk levels” for upcoming growing seasons or specific infection events.
Research	13	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Brown rot is the key fruit rot organism for New Jersey peaches. It is very effectively controlled by demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, often with minimal need for control of the blossom blight and green fruit rot stages of the disease. But, the brown rot organism readily develops fungicide resistance. There is a need for more detailed understanding of the organism’s biology and for non- DMI control. This would allow improved timing of sprays and development of prudent resistance management strategies.
Research	14	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Peach scab control relies heavily upon protectants. Scab control is normally good, but can be difficult to control if management the previous season was inadequate. Fruit protection is needed from earlyseason until 40-days before harvest. Thus, a range of four to six fungicide sprays may be required, depending on the harvest timing. Two important scab fungicides, sulfur and azoxystrobin, are low-risk materials. Chlorothalonil is one of the best fungicides for scab control. A better understanding of the epidemiology should allow more effective and efficient use of newer fungicides
Research	15	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Since Phytophthora root and crown rot occurs sporadically, orchards are not routinely sprayed. However, when infection does occur, many trees can be killed, causing loss of tree investment as well as yield. A better understanding of those biotic and abiotic factors that augment the risk of infection is needed, thereby allowing greater predictability of disease outbreaks. A fungicide can then be applied only when necessary, improving both the cost-effectiveness of control and the decreasing the likelihood of tree and yield loss.
Research	16	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Constriction canker was first discovered in New Jersey in 1934 and is endemic to the state’s peach and nectarine orchards. Disease severity and yield loss tends to be greatest in middle-aged and older orchards, shortening their duration of greatest productivity. Control is currently limited to removal of cankers via pruning, which has been shown to be approximately 30% effective. Recent research has indicated that chlorothalonil and captan are most effective, but registrations are lacking and many sprays are needed. Further research on basic pathogen biology, epidemiology, and control strategies is needed for development and implementation of a cost-effective management program. Of particular importance is determination of infection criteria to allow optimum fungicide timing. A better understanding of host susceptibility in relation to inoculum availability is also needed. New fungicides continually need to be screened for efficacy.
Research	17	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Rusty spot management is generally good, but effective control is limited to a single fungicide, myclobutanil. Recent research has identified the critical period for application timing. To increase disease management options and lower the risk of resistance development, alternative fungicides need to be discovered and integrated with myclobutanil for the control of peach rusty spot. Application of any effective biological or biorational control materials may allow reduced use of myclobutanil. In addition to disease control research on integration of materials, further study on pathogen biology is needed to better understand the etiology and epidemiology.
Research	18	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Bacterial spot is a damaging and problematic key pest on susceptible varieties. Under heavy bacterial spot pressure, even resistant varieties need some protective sprays. Resistant varieties are being planted, but commercially acceptable ones are not available for all harvest seasons; this is particularly valid for nectarines. An estimated 25-35% of the bearing acreage must be sprayed for bacterial spot. Chemical control is solely dependent on materials that face regulatory scrutiny, specifically coppers and the key in-season antibiotic oxytetracycline (Mycoshield). So, better understanding of pest biology and examination of lower-risk control options are essential. Further, resistance management options are very limited, making low-risk, alternative bacterial spot chemistries an important priority.
Research	19	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Minor fruit rots, anthracnose, rhizopus and gilbertella rots are occasional, but can be damaging diseases when severe. These diseases are only controllable with older fungicides such as captan, Ziram, or Ferbam. Research of low-risk materials for these diseases is a long-term need.
Research	20	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Research is needed to develop spray technologies that will allow growers to more effectively and economically make pesticide applications.
Research	21	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	New Jersey growers need information on comparative costs versus returns/value added of alternative versus conventional controls. Market research is needed on the economic effects of controls; alternative versus conventional; cost-effectiveness; higher return possible for value added component of new alternatives considered?; e.g. IPM education (market research); promotion issues.
Research	22	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Research is needed to improve the utilization of cultural weed control methods. New herbicides must be identified and evaluated to improve the control of perennial weeds, aid in resistance management in annual weeds, and serve as potential replacements for simazine and 2,4-D.
Research	23	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Woody perennial weed control has been difficult to achieve in peach orchards. Glyphosate use is problematic due to its PHI, and since optimum treatment time coincides with harvest time. Studies are needed to identify herbicides for woody perennial weed control.
Research	24	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Cultural, mechanical, and chemical weed control methods should be combined into an integrated weed management program that includes weed resistant management strategies.
Research	25	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Research is needed on the impacts of PGR on pests, including determination of consistent responses to bloom delay, blossom thinners, and growth thinners.
Research	26	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Research on nematode control must focus on pest biology, and development of resistant rootstocks and cultural controls. More environmentally favorable alternatives to methyl bromide are badly needed, especially in the tree nurseries.
Research	27	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Research is needed on maintaining vigor of planting sites to allow replanting old orchard sites because of the shortage of land.
Research	28	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Research is needed on managing vertebrate pests in peach orchards.
Research	29	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Identify, assess, and quantify wildlife species causing damage to peach crops.
Research	30	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Locate resources to reduce/eliminate wildlife damage to peach crops.
Research	31	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Identify and implement cost-effective and efficient wildlife damage management strategies.
Research	32	All	6- to 12-Inch Shoot	Evaluate success of implemented wildlife damage management practices.

Pests

Disclaimer: The active ingredients and efficacy ratings in this report are not recommendations. The information in this report was provided by the workshop participants as a cross-section of grower practices at that time. Please refer to the pesticide labels for recommendations.

Insects

Pest	Rank	Description	Symptoms	Chemical Control	Biological Control	Physical Control	Cultural Control
Aphids (Aphis spp.)
Brown stink bug (Euschistus servus)
Codling moth (Cydia pomonella)
Dusky stink bug (Euschistus tristigmus)
Fruittree leafroller (Archips argyrospila)
Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae)
Green stink bug (Chinavia hilaris)
Katydid
Lygus bugs ( )
Omniv./oblique-banded leaf rollers ( )
Oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta)
Peach twig borer (Anarsia lineatella)
San jose scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus)
Shothole borer (Scolytus rugulosus)
Southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula)
Stinkbugs

Pathogens

Pest	Rank	Description	Symptoms	Chemical Control	Biological Control	Physical Control	Cultural Control
Bacterial canker (Clavibacter michiganensis pv. michiganensis)
Brown rot (Monilinia spp.)
Crown gall ( )
Jacket rot ( )
Peach leaf curl (Taphrina deformans)
Peach rosette mosaic virus (Nepovirus PRMV)
Phytophthora root and crown rots (Phytophthora spp.)
Plum pox virus (Potyvirus PPV)
Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)
Powdery mildews (family erysiphaceae) ( )
Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (Ilarvirus PNRV)
Rust (Tranzschelia discolor)
Tomato ring spot virus (Nepovirus ToRSV)
Viruses ( )

Weeds

Pest	Rank	Description	Symptoms	Chemical Control	Biological Control	Physical Control	Cultural Control
Annual bluegrass (Poa annua)
Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon)
Bindweed ( )
Curly dock (Rumex crispus)
Filaree (Erodium spp.)
Fleabane ( )
Grasses ( )
Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)
Mallows
Mustard (Brassica spp.)
Nutsedge ( )
Purslane ( )

Nematodes

Pest	Rank	Description	Symptoms	Chemical Control	Biological Control	Physical Control	Cultural Control
Dagger nematode (Xiphinema spp.)
Ring nematodes (Criconemella spp.)
Root knot nematode ( )
Root lesion nematode ( )

Mites

Pest	Rank	Description	Symptoms	Chemical Control	Biological Control	Physical Control	Cultural Control
Brown almond mite (Bryobia rubrioculus)
European red mite (Panonychus ulmi)
Spider mites (Tetranychus spp.)

Wildlife

Pest	Rank	Description	Symptoms	Chemical Control	Biological Control	Physical Control	Cultural Control
Birds
Deer
Pocket gophers
Rabbits ( )
Squirrels ( )
Voles (Microtus spp.)

Chemical Controls

Fumigant

Active Ingredient	Description	Brands	CAS	PC	Pests	REI (hrs)	PHI (days)	RAC
sodium tetrathiocarbonate			7345-69-9	128904
telone ii			542-75-6	29001

Fungicide

Active Ingredient	CAS	PC
fosetyl-al	39148-24-8	123301
iprodione	36734-19-7	109801
thiophanate-methyl	23564-05-8	102001
ziram	155-04-4	34805

Herbicide

Active Ingredient	CAS	PC
glyphosate	1071-83-6	417300
norflurazon	27314-13-2	105801
oxyfluorfen	42874-03-3	111601
simazine	39312-80-6	80807

Insecticide

Active Ingredient	CAS	PC
buprofezin	69327-76-0	275100
imidacloprid	138261-41-	129099
oxamyl	23135-22-0	103801
pirimicarb	23103-98-2	106101
tebufenozide	112410-23-	129026

Nematicide

Active Ingredient	Description	Brands	CAS	PC	Pests	REI (hrs)	PHI (days)	RAC
abamectin			71751-41-2	122804

Efficacy