National IPM Database - 2018 PMSP for Tomato in the Southeast Region:

PMSP for Tomato in the Southeast Region

Source

Title	PMSP for Tomato in the Southeast Region
Source Type	Pest Management Strategic Plans
Source Date	07/06/2018
Settings	Tomato
Region	Southern
States	Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia
Contacts	Inga Meadows, North Carolina State University, inga_meadows@ncsu.edu, (828) 456-3943 Danesha Seth Carley, North Carolina State University,
Contributors	Zachariah Hansen, University of Tennessee Katherine Jennings, North Carolina State University Anthony Keinath, Clemson University Joseph Kemble, Auburn University Frank Louws, North Carolina State University Robert (Craig) Mauney, North Carolina State University Emily Pfeufer, University of Kentucky Mark Reiter, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University (Virginia Tech) Rebecca Schmidt-Jeffris, Clemson University Edward Sikora, Auburn University Raghuwinder Singh, Louisana State University Hugh Smith, University of Florida Rick Snyder, Mississippi State University Amanda Strayer-Scherer, North Carolina State University Annette Wszelaki, University of Tennessee

Executive Summary

Pest Management Strategic Plans (PMSP) outline priorities for research, outreach, and regulation activities. The most recent PMSPs for tomato covering states in the Southeast region are a decade old (Southern IPM Center, 2007; Riley et al., 2007). As needs and priorities change over time, an update to these PMSPs was overdue. Therefore, we set out to prepare a PMSP for tomato covering the Southeast region including Virginia (VA), Kentucky (KY), Tennessee (TN), North Carolina (NC), South Carolina (SC), Alabama (AL), Mississippi (MS), Louisiana (LA), Arkansas (AR), Georgia (GA), and Florida (FL).

Tomatoes are susceptible to various diseases and insect pests. This document outlines the major and minor insects, pathogens, and weeds that can impact tomato production in the southeastern United States. For each pest, the current biological, cultural, and chemical controls are provided where they apply. These three types of controls should be implemented for integrated pest management strategies. Management of tomato diseases requires the integration of resistant cultivars and a preventative spray program. For effective insect and weed control, the timing of spray application(s) is critical.

This document addresses the current pests of tomato for commercial tomato production in the southeastern United States. Information in this document was compiled from various sources including handbooks, extension publications, and previous PMSPs for tomato. A workshop was held on January 11, 2018 in Savannah, GA at the Southeastern Fruit and Vegetable Expo where extension and research specialists, industry representatives, regulatory personnel, and growers provided feedback on the pests and management strategies discussed in this document. This PMSP provides the cultural practices for conventional fresh market tomato production, as well as the pests, diseases, and weeds of tomatoes that are problematic for growers in the southeast. The priorities stated in this document were a result of discussion at the workshop and need to be addressed for tomato production in the southeast.

Key Pests

Insects

Armyworms (Spodoptera spp.)
Corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea)
Potato flea beetle (Epitrix cucumeris)
Stinkbugs
Thrips
Tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta)
Whiteflies

Pathogens

Alternaria black molds / stem cankers (Alternaria spp.)
Bacterial spot (Xanthomonas spp.)
Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum)
Corynespora leaf spot (Corynespora cassiicola)
Early blight (Alternaria linariae)
Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici)
Late blight (Phytophthora infestans)
Septoria leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici)
Southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii)
Tomato spotted wilt virus (Tospovirus TSWV)
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) (Begomovirus TYLCV)
Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae)

Weeds

Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea)
Eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)
Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata)
Hairy galinsoga (Galinsoga quadriradiata)
Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)
Morning-glory (Ipomoea spp.)
Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)
Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus)
Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)

Nematodes

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.)

Mites

Spider mites (Tetranychus spp.)

Settings/Crops

Description

Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, is a member of the Solanaceae family which also includes pepper, eggplant, Irish potato, and tobacco. The optimum day and night temperatures for growing tomatoes are 70 to 85 deg F and 65 to 70 deg F, respectively. Temperatures beyond these ranges can have a negative impact on fruit set and quality. Tomatoes are sensitive to frost at any stage of development and prolonged exposure to temperatures of 32-50 deg F negatively affect seed germination, vegetative growth, fruit ripening, and fruit quality. Plants are grown from seeds and are usually transplanted to the field as a seedling. Most tomatoes grown commercially are determinate or "bushy" varieties, which have a genetically determined period of flowering and fruit development. Many commercially grown tomatoes are hybrids, meaning they are the product of breeding two genetically distinct parents. Heirloom and greenhouse tomatoes are typically indeterminate varieties, that flower and develop fruit throughout the life cycle of the plant (season-long). Most harvested varieties in the field require 75 days from transplant to first harvest and are harvested for several weeks.

Tomatoes require warm weather and prefer well-drained soil with a pH of 6.0-6.5, and full sunlight. Various soil types are conducive for tomato production. Deep, medium textured sandy loam or loamy, fertile, well-drained soils are optimal for tomato production. Proper tillage is critical for root growth and development and the moldboard (bottom or turning) plow is encouraged to prepare the soil for seedling transplant establishment. Discing should be avoided after plowing as this will re-compact the soil, but roto-tilling will help to prepare a smooth planting bed. Several factors should be considered when selecting the proper planting site. Sites with poor drainage or that have had solanaceous crops grown previously within 3-4 years should be avoided. Optimal sites have good air movement and are free from problem weeds. Any plants or plant residue discing or mowing should be done 6 to 8 weeks before planting.

Tomato transplants are usually set in a raised bed covered with plastic mulch and watered using drip irrigation. The raised beds covered with a plastic mulch warm up sooner than bare soil in the spring and allows for earlier planting. Raised beds also facilitate drainage and keep the plants out of waterlogged soils with poor drainage.

Crop Cycles Per Year

Priorities

Priorities for Research, Extension/Outreach, and Regulatory activities were determined and agreed upon by the participants at the Workshop. Suggestions that were provided by individuals who could not attend also were included and agreed upon by the participants. These priorities are intended to guide agencies that provide these activities including federal agricultural and environmental agencies, various universities, and state extension personnel.

Category	Rank	Pest Type	Pest	Priority
Extension/Outreach	No Rank	All		Provide all recommendations for pest management in electronic database to be updated as needed; continue to update and disseminate the Southeastern Vegetable Crop handbook and similar publications in hard-copy and electronic formats
Extension/Outreach	No Rank	All		Provide more comprehensive pest management programs integrating biopesticides
Extension/Outreach	No Rank	All		Continue to provide brief pest and disease fact sheets
Extension/Outreach	No Rank	All		Provide nutrient management plans for tomato production
Extension/Outreach	No Rank	All		Educate the public on emerging technologies
Extension/Outreach	No Rank	All		Educate growers and commodity groups on emerging technologies
Extension/Outreach	No Rank	All		Continue to disseminate the most current pest management information
Extension/Outreach	No Rank	Insects		Continue to educate growers on environmental population dynamics and how the use of certain products may affect or increase populations of other insect pests
Extension/Outreach	No Rank	Insects		Educate growers on product rotation to prevent resistance issues in armyworm species (beet, fall, and southern) (Spodoptera spp.)
Extension/Outreach	No Rank	Insects		Educate growers on management of insecticide application practices to prevent resistance in two-spotted spider mites, thrips, and whiteflies
Extension/Outreach	No Rank	Insects		Educate growers to prevent over-use of broad spectrum insecticides that are causing a decline in populations of beneficial insects
Extension/Outreach	No Rank	Insects		Provide education on and emphasize early detection of thrips and mites for effective control
Extension/Outreach	No Rank	Pathogens		Educate growers on importance of preventative applications for effective control of early blight (Alternaria linariae), Septoria leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici), target spot (Corynespora cassiicola), and other foliar pathogens
Extension/Outreach	No Rank	Weeds		Educate growers on herbicide application practices to prevent resistance
Extension/Outreach	No Rank	Weeds		Emphasize the importance of the application timing of herbicides for annual grass control
Extension/Outreach	No Rank	Weeds		Inform growers of potential risks from spray drift and conditions under which herbicide volatilization occurs
Extension/Outreach	1	Insects	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Provide lists of active ingredients with corresponding generic trade names
Regulatory	No Rank	All		Allow or develop smaller quantities of commercially-used products for small acreage farms to encourage pesticide rotation for resistance management
Regulatory	No Rank	All		Standardize pesticide labels, including the name and placement, of the pre-harvest interval
Regulatory	No Rank	All		Continue to register effective materials that are acceptable to the public
Regulatory	No Rank	All		Support the development of new fumigants as methyl bromide alternatives
Regulatory	No Rank	All		Maintain the registration of older broad-spectrum pesticides and critical use exemptions that are viable and safe as a rotational tool for resistance management
Regulatory	No Rank	All		Adopt Special Local Need and Emergency Use Exemption labels in a timely and realistic manner with respect to grower needs
Regulatory	No Rank	All		Establish clear and understandable pesticide label standards for enclosed cabs
Regulatory	No Rank	All		Clarify the standards for post-harvest sanitation practices in regards to chlorine (free, total, and available)
Regulatory	No Rank	Insects		Register effective products for the brown-marmorated stink bug and other stink bugs
Regulatory	No Rank	Insects		Register effective products for stink bugs in Arkansas and other states where effective products aren't labeled
Regulatory	No Rank	Insects		Register effective miticides
Regulatory	No Rank	Insects		Regain the registration of endosulfin
Regulatory	No Rank	Pathogens	Corynespora leaf spot	Register fungicides for control of target spot (Corynespora cassiicola) and retain the label for thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M)
Research	No Rank	All		Improve fumigants or develop new fumigants with better volatility and deeper penetration into the soil; identify alternatives to methyl bromide with equal efficacy
Research	No Rank	All		Expand research on insect-vectored plant pathogens regarding epidemiology and management (e.g. TSWV and other viruses)
Research	No Rank	All		Investigate thresholds and develop evaluation tools for insects, diseases, and weeds
Research	No Rank	All		Research the diversity of the bacterial wilt pathogen (Ralstonia solanacearum) and host (tomato) genetics for developing host resistance
Research	No Rank	All		Examine integrating biologicals into insecticide and fungicide programs for resistance management
Research	No Rank	All		Develop effective materials that are acceptable to the public (i.e. reduced-risk and IPM-friendly pesticides)
Research	No Rank	All	Whiteflies	Understand regional population dynamics for whiteflies
Research	No Rank	All	Whiteflies	Prevent potential resistance to neonicitinoids (MOA 4A) and MOA 28 insecticides.
Research	No Rank	Insects		Examine double cropping for managing insect populations
Research	No Rank	Insects	Whiteflies	Develop better pest management strategies for adult and nymph whiteflies.
Research	No Rank	Insects		Prevent the introduction and spread of Old World Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) in the southeast
Research	No Rank	Insects		Develop new miticides
Research	No Rank	Insects		Understand the role of insects or the major cause of gold-flecking on tomato fruit and investigate tolerance to gold-flecking among varieties
Research	No Rank	Insects		Determine potential benefical outcomes of tank mixing oils and standard insecticides for insect control
Research	No Rank	Insects		Develop regional models to predict outbreaks
Research	No Rank	Pathogens	late blight	Improve and continue to use USABlight as the eastern North American forecasting system for first arrival of late blight (Phytophthora infestans)
Research	No Rank	Pathogens		Implement systems management approach for bacterial spot and bacterical speck
Research	No Rank	Pathogens		Implement systems management approach for soilborne diseases, including nematodes
Research	No Rank	Pathogens		Develop tomato varieties with host resistance to multiple pathogens (early blight [Alternaria linariae], late blight [Phytophthora infestans], Septoria leaf spot [Septoria lycopersici], and others)
Research	No Rank	Pathogens	Corynespora leaf spot	Develop effective application and coverage methods for control of target spot (Corynespora cassiicola) and investigate the disease-fungicide interaction
Research	No Rank	Pathogens	Tomato spotted wilt virus	Develop TSWV resistant tomato varieties with multiple gene resistance and varieties with resistance to other viruses; improve host plant resistance
Research	No Rank	Pathogens		Perform research on emerging begomoviruses and tospoviruses and their vectors
Research	No Rank	Weeds	Yellow Nutsedge	Develop control for purple and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus and C. esculentus) under plastic
Research	No Rank	Weeds	Palmer amaranth	Develop good resistance management strategies to control Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)
Research	No Rank	Weeds		Develop control programs for parthenium (Parthenium hystophorous) in Florida

Production Practices

Tomatoes are grown on a wide range of soil types in the Southeast, from rich, silty loams in river bottoms to red clays to sand in the coastal areas. Standard production practices include fumigation, raised beds, polyethylene mulch, and drip irrigation. Rows are usually planted 5 feet apart, but this varies with equipment. Plants are usually 18 to 24 inches apart in the row. Most growers produce their own transplants. Tomatoes are staked, pruned, and tied. Most varieties are determinate, although most cherry and grape varieties are indeterminate.

Crop Varieties

Alabama: Fresh Market- Applause, Bella Rosa, BHN 589, BHN 602, BHN 640, Carolina Gold, Celebrity, Crista, Defiant PhR, Florida 47R, Mountain Glory, Mountain Magic, Mountain Majesty, Mountain Merit, Mountain Spring, Phoenix, Primo Red, Red Bounty, Red Defender, Redline, Red Morning, Red Mountain, Rocky Top, Solar Fire, Tribute; Cherry Types- Mountain Belle, Sun Gold, Sun Sugar; Grape Types- Cupid, Elfin, Golden Sunshine, Jolly Elf, Mountain Honey, Smarty; Roma Types- BHN 410, Granadero, Muriel, Picus, Plum Crimson, Plum Regal

Georgia: Fresh Market- Amelia VR, Bella Rosa, BHN 602, BHN 640, Carolina Gold, Crista, Florida 47R, Mountain Magic, Mountain Majesty, Mountain Spring, Phoenix, Red Bounty, Red Defender, Redline, Red Mountain, Solar Fire; Grape Types- Cherry Grande, Mountain Belle; Grape Types- Cupid, Elfin, Jolly Elf, BHN 410, Muriel, Plum Crimson; Roma Types- Plum Regal

Florida (south/central): Fresh Market- BHN 602, BHN 730, BHN 975, Camaro, Charger, Crista, Everglade, FL47, FL91, Grand Marshall, HM 1823, Phoenix, Raceway, Red Morning, Red Rave, Resolute, Rocky Top, Sanibel, Sebring, Skyway, Solar Fire, Soraya, Southern Ripe, SV 7631, Tasti-Lee, Volante; Plum- BHN 685, Daytona, Mariana, Monticello, Sunoma, Supremo, Tacchi; Grape Types- Amai, BHN 784, BHN 785, Jolly Girl, Sweet Hearts; Cherry Types- BHN 268, BHN 762, Camelia, Sakura, Shiren, Sweet Treats

Florida (north): Fresh Market- Amelia, Bella Rosa, BHN 602, Camaro, Crista, Everglade, Fletcher, FL 47, Grand Marshall, Quincy, Red Morning, Red Rave, Resolute, Sebring, Skyway, Southern Ripe, SV 7631, Tasti-Lee, Volante; Plum Types- BHN 685, Daytona, Mariana, Monticello, Picus, Sunoma, Supremo, Tachi; Grape Types- Amai, BHN 784, BHN 1022, Brixmore, Cupid, Jolly Girl, Smarty, Sweet Hearts, Tami- G; Cherry Types- BHN 268, BHN 762, Camelia, Shiren, Sweet Treats

Kentucky: Fresh Market- Amelia VR, BHN 602, BHN 640, Big Beef, Carolina Gold, Crista, Florida 47R, Mountain Magic, Mountain Majesty, Mountain Spring, Phoenix, Red Bounty, Red Defender, Redline, Red Mountain, Solar Fire; Cherry Types- Cherry Grande, Mountain Belle; Grape Types- Muriel, Plum Crimson; Roma Types- Plum Regal, Pony Express

Louisiana: Fresh Market- Amelia VR, Bella Rosa, BHN 602, BHN 640, Big Beef, Carolina Gold, Celebrity, Crista, Florida 47R, Florida 91, Mountain Spring, Phoenix, Red Defender, Redline, Tribute; Cherry Types- Cherry, Mountain Belle, Sun Gold; Roma- Plum Regal

Mississippi: Fresh Market- Amelia VR, Applause, Bella Rosa, BHN 589, BHN 602, BHN 640, Big Beef, Carolina Gold, Crista, Florida 47R, Florida 91, Mountain Magic, Mountain Spring, Rocky Top, Solar Fire; Cherry Types- Cherry Grande, Mountain Belle, Sun Gold; Grape Types- Jolly Elf

North Carolina: Fresh Market- Amelia VR, BHN 602, BHN 640, Big Brandy, Carbon, Carolina Gold, Celebrity, Cherokee Carbon, Crista, Defiant PhR, Florida 47R, Mountain Glory, Mountain Magic, Mountain Majesty, Mountain Merit, Mountain Spring, Phoenix, Primo Red, Rocky Top, Solar Fire, Tasti-Lee; Cherry Types- Cherry Grande, Mountain Belle, Sun Gold, Sun Sugar; Grape Types- Elfin, Jolly Elf, Mountain Honey, Smarty, BHN 410, Mariana, Plum Crimson; Roma Types- Plum Regal

South Carolina: Fresh Market- Amelia VR, BHN 602, BHN 640, Carolina Gold, Crista, Defiant PhR, Florida 47R, Mountain Magic, Mountain Majesty, Phoenix, Red Bounty, Rocky Top, Solar Fire; Cherry Types- Cherry Grande, Mountain Belle; Grape Types- Elfin, Jolly Elf, Smarty, BHN 410, Granadero, Picus; Roma Types- Plum Regal

Tennessee: Fresh Market- Amelia VR, BHN 602, BHN 640, Carolina Gold, Celebrity, Crista, Defiant PhR, Florida 47R, Florida 91, Mountain Glory, Mountain Magic, Mountain Majesty, Mountain Spring, Phoenix, Primo Red, Red Defender, Red Morning, Red Mountain; Cherry Types- Cherry Grande, Mountain Belle, Sun Gold; Grape Types- Cupid, Golden Sunshine, Jolly Elf, Mountain Honey, Smarty, BHN 410, Mariana, Muriel, Plum Crimson, Roma Types- Plum Regal, Pony Express

Virginia: Sunshine, Sunbeam, Sunbrite, Sun Leaper, Mountain Fresh, Mountain Bell, Florida 47, Florida 91, Plum Crimson, Plum Dandy, Carolina Gold, Mini Charm, Juliete

Planting

Home-grown or certified transplants of high quality that are free of disease and insect pests should be used. To minimize the risk of seedborne bacterial diseases, seed should be treated with a chlorine solution. Instructions can be found in the Southeast US Vegetable Crop Handbook. However, seed purchased from reputable seed companies may be pre-treated with chlorine. Regardless, pelleted seed or seed pre-treated with fungicides and/or inseciticides should not be treated with chlorine as this practice would remove those treatments.

Transplants should be started four to six weeks prior to desired field planting date. Harden tender tomato plants before planting in the field. This can be accomplished by reducing water and exposing them to cooler temperatures (no lower than 60-65 degrees F/day and 50-60 degrees F/night). Transplants can be hardened by moving them outside of the greenhouse to a location with some shade or by opening the sides of the greenhouse. The amount of water should be reduced, but not allowed to wilt.

Planting Dates

Alabama North Spring 4/15-6/15, Fall 7/1-8/1; Alabama South: Spring 3/1-4/30, Fall 7/15-8/15

Arkansas Spring 3/15-4/15

Florida North Fall 7/1-8/31, Spring 2/1-4/30; Florida West-central Fall 8/1-9/30, Spring 1/1-2/28; Florida South 8/1-2/28

Georgia North Spring 4/15-6/15, Fall 7/1-8/1; Georgia South Spring 3/1-4/30, Fall 7/15-8/30

Kentucky East Spring 5/15-6/1; Kentucky Central Spring 5/5-6/15; Kentucky West Spring 4/20-7/1

Louisiana North Spring 3/15-6/30, Fall 7/1-8/10; Louisiana South Spring 3/1-6/30, Fall 7/15-8/15

Mississippi North Spring 4/20-6/30; Mississippi South Spring 3/1-3/15

North Carolina East Spring4/15-5/10, Fall 8/1-8/15; North Carolina West Spring 5/15-7/15

SC Coastal Island Spring 3/1-4/30, Fall 7/1-7/15, South Carolina East Spring 3/15-4/30, Fall 7/1-7/15; SC West Spring 5/1-6/30

Tennessee East Spring 5/1-6/30; Tennessee West Spring 4/20-6/20

Virginia Spring 4/15-5/31

Cultural Practices

Most field-grown tomatoes are staked and strung on raised beds with plastic mulch and drip irrigation.

Plastic Mulch and Drip Irrigation

Typically, plastic mulch is used on top of raised-dome shaped beds with drip irrigation tape underneath the mulch. Black plastic mulch warms the soil early in the season. For late season plantings and in temperatures greater than 85 degrees F, white or white on black plastic mulch is sometimes used to help cool the soil underneath the plastic, but the transluscent nature of the the white plastic can allow weeds to grow. The raised bed prevents water and chemicals from pooling around the base of the stem. A reflective or metalized mulch can help manage early season thrips and aphid feeding delaying the possible spread of viruses by these insects. All of these mulches can help to increase yield and quality, control weeds, and conserve water by avoiding overhead irrigation.

Staking and stringing

Staking and stringing keeps foliage and fruit off the ground, improves fruit quality, and allows for uniform spraying and easier harvesting. Wooden stakes, 1 inch squared by 4 to 4.5 feet tall, are placed between every other plant, midway between them, and driven into the ground 10 to 12 inches. An additional stake is angled into the ground at the ends of the rows and tied to the other stakes to strengthen the trellis system.

Stringing is performed using the Florida Weave System with a stringing tool. The first string is placed 8 to 10 inches above the soil and tied to the end stake. The string is passed along one side of the plant and looped around each stake down the row until the end. The same method is used along the other side of the plant. Throughout the growing season, an additional string should be added every 6 to 10 inches above the preceding one. Three to four string are optimal during a growing season.

Pruning

Pruning is practiced to establish a desired balance between vine growth and fruit growth. Little to no pruning results in a plant with a heavy load of smaller fruit. Moderate pruning results in fewer fruits that are larger and easier to harvest. Pruning can result in earlier maturity of the crown fruit and improves spray coverage and pest control. When and how to prune can be variety and fertility specific, but it generally occurs several times before and just after the first string or when the plants are about 12" tall.

Removing all suckers up to the one immediately below the first flower cluster is adequate for most determinate cultivars. Removing the sucker immediately below the first flower cluster can result in severe leaf curling and stunting of the plant and should be avoided.

Pruning should be done when the suckers are no more than 2 to 4 inches long. A second pruning may be required to remove suckers that were too small to be easily removed during the first pruning and to remove ground suckers that may develop. Pruning when suckers are too large requires more time and can damage the plants, delay maturity, and increase disease incidence. Pruning plants when they are wet can spread diseases, so this practice is not recommended. Pruning should be done before the first stringing because the string can slow the pruning process.

Less-vigorous determinate cultivars generally require less pruning. Growers are advised to experiment with several degrees of pruning on a small scale to determine pruning requirements for specific cultivars and cultural practices.

Harvesting

Commercially grown tomatoes for fresh market are hand-harvested and field-packed or packed in packing houses. Fruit harvested as vine-ripe should be picked at the "breaker stage" of maturity, which is when the green fruit is just starting to turn pink on the blossom end. When fruit are harvested at this stage, they are physiologically mature and will ripen naturally, producing the best quality of tomato. Harvesting every other day is sometimes necessary during peak season to ensure fruit is not over-ripe. The quality of harvest is dependent on the promptness to harvest and care in handling fruit.

Food Safety

Good agricultural practices (GAPs) should be practiced throughout harvest and handling of tomatoes. The causal agents of food-borne illnesses are spread from direct contact from infected workers or animals or by contaminated equipment or water. It is critical to train employees on proper hygiene as this is the leading source of contamination with human pathogens that cause foodborne illness. Once contaminated, foodborne illness pathogens cannot be removed; therefore, preventing contamination is the best way to reduce risk.

Water that is used in the field and in the packing house should be treated to reduce the potential for cross-contamination. Water treated with a sanitizer cannot remove all of the pathogens from a fruit that is placed in it, but it does kill the human pathogens that slough off of fruit into the water, which can prevent cross contamination.

Production Counties

Alabama Counties:
Autauga, Baldwin, Barbour, Bibb, Blount, Butler, Calhoun, Chambers, Cherokee, Chilton, Choctaw, Clarke, Clay, Cleburne, Coffee, Colbert, Conecuh, Coosa, Covington, Crenshaw, Cullman, Dale, Dallas, DeKalb, Elmore, Escambia, Etowah, Fayette, Franklin, Geneva, Greene, Hale, Houston, Jackson, Jefferson, Lamar, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lee, Limestone, Lowndes, Macon, Madison, Marengo, Marion, Marshall, Mobile, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Perry, Pickens, Randolph, Russell, Shelby, Sumter, Talladega, Tallapoosa, Tuscaloosa, Walker, Washington, Wilcox, Winston

Arkansas Counties:
Ashley, Benton, Boone, Bradley, Calhoun, Carroll, Chicot, Cleburne, Cleveland, Columbia, Conway, Craighead, Crawford, Crittenden, Cross, Dallas, Drew, Faulkner, Franklin, Fulton, Garland, Grant, Greene, Hempstead, Hot Spring, Howard, Independence, Izard, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Lee, Little River, Logan, Lonoke, Madison, Marion, Miller, Mississippi, Montgomery, Newton, Ouachita, Perry, Phillips, Pike, Poinsett, Polk, Pope, Prairie, Pulaski, Randolph, Saline, Searcy, Sebastian, Stone, Union, Van Buren, Washington, White, Woodruff, Yell

Florida Counties:
Alachua, Baker, Bradford, Brevard, Broward, Calhoun, Charlotte, Citrus, Clay, Collier, Columbia, DeSoto, Dixie, Duval, Escambia, Flagler, Gadsden, Gilchrist, Hardee, Hendry, Hernando, Highlands, Hillsborough, Holmes, Indian River, Jackson, Jefferson, Lake, Lee, Leon, Levy, Madison, Manatee, Marion, Martin, Miami-Dade, Nassau, Okaloosa, Okeechobee, Orange, Osceola, Palm Beach, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, Putnam, Santa Rosa, Sarasota, Seminole, St. Johns, Sumter, Suwannee, Taylor, Union, Volusia, Wakulla, Walton, Washington

Georgia Counties:
Appling, Atkinson, Baker, Baldwin, Banks, Barrow, Bartow, Ben Hill, Bibb, Bleckley, Brantley, Brooks, Bulloch, Burke, Butts, Calhoun, Camden, Carroll, Catoosa, Charlton, Chatham, Chattooga, Cherokee, Clarke, Cobb, Coffee, Colquitt, Columbia, Cook, Coweta, Crawford, Crisp, Dade, Dawson, Decatur, DeKalb, Dodge, Dooly, Douglas, Echols, Effingham, Elbert, Emanuel, Fannin, Fayette, Floyd, Forsyth, Franklin, Fulton, Gilmer, Glascock, Glynn, Gordon, Grady, Greene, Gwinnett, Habersham, Hall, Hancock, Haralson, Harris, Hart, Heard, Henry, Houston, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jenkins, Johnson, Jones, Lamar, Laurens, Lee, Long, Lumpkin, Macon, Madison, Marion, McDuffie, Meriwether, Mitchell, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Murray, Newton, Oconee, Oglethorpe, Paulding, Pickens, Pierce, Pike, Polk, Pulaski, Rabun, Randolph, Richmond, Rockdale, Screven, Seminole, Spalding, Stephens, Sumter, Taliaferro, Tattnall, Taylor, Telfair, Terrell, Thomas, Tift, Toombs, Towns, Treutlen, Troup, Turner, Twiggs, Union, Upson, Walker, Walton, Ware, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Wheeler, White, Whitfield, Wilcox, Wilkes, Wilkinson, Worth

Kentucky Counties:
Adair, Allen, Anderson, Ballard, Barren, Bath, Bell, Boone, Bourbon, Boyle, Bracken, Breathitt, Breckinridge, Bullitt, Butler, Caldwell, Calloway, Campbell, Carlisle, Carroll, Carter, Casey, Christian, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Crittenden, Cumberland, Daviess, Elliott, Estill, Fayette, Fleming, Floyd, Franklin, Gallatin, Garrard, Grant, Graves, Grayson, Green, Greenup, Hardin, Harlan, Harrison, Hart, Henderson, Henry, Hickman, Hopkins, Jackson, Jefferson, Jessamine, Johnson, Kenton, Knox, Larue, Laurel, Lee, Lewis, Lincoln, Livingston, Logan, Lyon, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Mason, McCracken, McLean, Meade, Menifee, Mercer, Metcalfe, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Muhlenberg, Nelson, Nicholas, Ohio, Oldham, Owen, Owsley, Pendleton, Perry, Pike, Powell, Pulaski, Rockcastle, Rowan, Russell, Scott, Shelby, Simpson, Spencer, Taylor, Todd, Trigg, Trimble, Union, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Webster, Whitley, Woodford

Louisiana Parishes:
Acadia, Allen, Ascension, Avoyelles, Beauregard, Bossier, De Soto, East Baton Rouge, East Carroll, East Feliciana, Evangeline, Franklin, Grant, Iberia, Jefferson Davis, Lafayette, Lafourche, Livingston, Natchitoches, Orleans, Plaquemines, Pointe Coupee, Rapides, Richland, St. Charles, St. James, St. Landry, St. Martin, St. Tammany, Tangipahoa, Tensas, Terrebonne, Union, Vermilion, Washington, Webster, West Baton Rouge, West Carroll, West Feliciana, Winn

Mississippi Counties:
Adams, Alcorn, Amite, Attala, Benton, Bolivar, Calhoun, Carroll, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Claiborne, Clarke, Clay, Coahoma, Copiah, Covington, DeSoto, Forrest, Franklin, George, Greene, Grenada, Hancock, Harrison, Hinds, Holmes, Humphreys, Itawamba, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jefferson Davis, Jones, Kemper, Lafayette, Lamar, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Leake, Lee, Lincoln, Lowndes, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Monroe, Montgomery, Neshoba, Newton, Noxubee, Oktibbeha, Panola, Pearl River, Perry, Pike, Pontotoc, Prentiss, Quitman, Rankin, Scott, Simpson, Smith, Stone, Sunflower, Tallahatchie, Tate, Tippah, Tishomingo, Union, Walthall, Warren, Wayne, Webster, Wilkinson, Winston, Yalobusha, Yazoo

North Carolina Counties:
Alamance, Alexander, Anson, Ashe, Beaufort, Bladen, Buncombe, Burke, Cabarrus, Caldwell, Carteret, Caswell, Catawba, Chatham, Cherokee, Chowan, Clay, Cleveland, Craven, Currituck, Davidson, Davie, Duplin, Durham, Edgecombe, Forsyth, Franklin, Gaston, Graham, Granville, Guilford, Harnett, Haywood, Henderson, Hertford, Iredell, Johnston, Lee, Lincoln, Macon, Madison, McDowell, Mecklenburg, Mitchell, Montgomery, Moore, Nash, New Hanover, Orange, Pender, Person, Pitt, Polk, Randolph, Richmond, Robeson, Rockingham, Rowan, Rutherford, Sampson, Scotland, Stanly, Stokes, Surry, Swain, Transylvania, Union, Vance, Wake, Warren, Watauga, Wayne, Wilkes, Wilson, Yadkin, Yancey

South Carolina Counties:
Beaufort, Charleston, Lexington, Newberry, Richland

Tennessee Counties:
Bledsoe, Blount, Cheatham, Cocke, Davidson, Dickson, Dyer, Gibson, Grainger, Greene, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardeman, Haywood, Jefferson, Knox, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lincoln, Marion, McMinn, Monroe, Montgomery, Putnam, Rhea, Robertson, Rutherford, Sequatchie, Sevier, Shelby, Smith, Sumner, Tipton, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Weakley, Williamson, Wilson

Virginia Counties:
Accomack, Albemarle, Amelia, Appomattox, Augusta, Bath, Bedford, Brunswick, Buckingham, Campbell, Caroline, Carroll, Charles City, Charlotte, Chesapeake, Clarke, Culpeper, Dickenson, Dinwiddie, Essex, Fairfax, Fauquier, Floyd, Franklin, Frederick, Giles, Gloucester, Goochland, Grayson, Greene, Halifax, Hanover, Henry, Highland, Isle of Wight, James City, King and Queen, King William, Lancaster, Lee, Loudoun, Louisa, Lunenburg, Madison, Montgomery, Nelson, Northampton, Nottoway, Orange, Page, Patrick, Pittsylvania, Powhatan, Prince George, Prince William, Rappahannock, Roanoke, Rockbridge, Rockingham, Scott, Shenandoah, Smyth, Southampton, Spotsylvania, Stafford, Suffolk, Surry, Sussex, Tazewell, Virginia Beach, Warren, Washington, Westmoreland, Wythe, York

Production Facts

Fresh-market tomato production in the southeast United States varies from state-to-state with the highest production areas (acres harvested) in Florida, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Each state's production is summarized in the table below. Data was collected from the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Vegetable 205 Summary published in February 2016 and the 2012 Census of Agriculture - State Data.

Production Fact	State
Production Fact	AL	AR	FL	GA	KY	LA	MS	NC	SC	TN	VA
US Rank (production)	12	14	1	5	21	31	24	3	7	4	10
Acres Planted	1,200	900	30,000	2,900	*	*	*	3,500	3,300	3,500	2,200
Acres Harvested	1,100	800	28,000	2,700	817	228	427	3,300	3,200	3,400	2,100
Yield (CWT/A)	350	190	260	340	*	*	*	310	270	295	295
Price ($ per CWT)	51.50	59	52.5	39.40	*	*	*	46	50.50	56	55
Production (CWT)	385,000	152,000	7,280,000	918,000	*	*	*	1,023,000	864,000	1,003,000	620,000
Production Value ($)	19,828,000	8,968,000	382,200,000	36,169,000	*	*	*	47,058,000	43,632,000	56,168,000	34,100,000

*=data not available

Pests

Disclaimer: The active ingredients and efficacy ratings in this report are not recommendations. The information in this report was provided by the workshop participants as a cross-section of grower practices at that time. Please refer to the pesticide labels for recommendations.

Insects

There are a number of insect pests that cause damage to tomatoes from seedling stage through harvest. The tolerance level for insect fruit damage on staked tomatoes is extremely low. Therefore, it is critical to implement management programs that control insects before fruit is affected or damaged. Insecticides play a critical role in Integrated Pest Management. Knowledge of the pest that is causing the damage or infestation and the efficacy of the insecticide is vital for effective control.

Pest	Rank	Description	Symptoms	Chemical Control	Biological Control	Physical Control	Cultural Control
Aphids (Myzus spp.)	Medium in some locations	The potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) and the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) are low priority pests, but are medium priority in Tennessee. Many insecticides applied for other insect pests usually control aphids, so they are infrequently observed in commercial fields.	Wilting and distortion of leaves and young shoots. Yellowing and premature death of leaves and young plants. Black sooty mold fungi inidicate presence of honeydew from aphids	acetamiprid clothianidin cyantraniliprole dimethoate flonicamid flupyradifurone imidacloprid pymetrozine spirotetramat thiamethoxam	Grandevo Venerate		Do not exceed recommended nitrogen fertilization rates The use of metallic mulch deters aphids
Armyworms (Spodoptera spp.)	High	Several species of armyworms are potential pests of tomato, including the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), fall armyworm (S. frugiperda), southern armyworm (S. eridania), and yellowstriped armyworm (S. ornithogalli). The fall armyworm causes the most damage of these species. When infestations occur, they can cause extensive damage and can be difficult to control. In contrast to tomato fruitworm, armyworms will feed extensively on foliage as well as fruit, and the presence of feeding damage on leaves can help differentiate between fruitworm and armyworm damage. Beet armyworm is the most difficult to control because of its high reproductive capacity, and it is notorious for exhibiting resistance to a wide range of insecticides; however, the recent registration of newer insecticides has greatly aided the management of this pest. There has been resistance to insecticides in the past, so rotation of products is critical in order to reduce the potential for resistance.	Holes in leaves and fruit	bacillus thuringiensis (bt) chlorantraniliprole cyantraniliprole emamectin benzoate indoxacarb methoxyfenozide novaluron spinetoram (amixture of spinetoram-j and spinetoram-l)	Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products (Crymax, Dipel, Xentari) Venerate, Grandevo Biological insecticides such as Spinosad and nuclear polyhedrous virus provide effective control		Weed control in and around tomato fields can suppress infestations, because weeds act as oviposition hosts for armyworms Early planting minimizes insects
Cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni)	Medium	The cabbage looper can be an important pest of tomato in the field on foliage and fruit. However, most of the insecticides applied for other insects control infestations of cabbage looper. Larvae feed on foliage and also can damage the fruit. Soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includens) sometimes causes problems on tomatoes in Florida and Georgia.	Holes in leaves	bacillus thuringiensis (bt) chlorantraniliprole cyantraniliprole emamectin benzoate indoxacarb methomyl methoxyfenozide novaluron pyrethroid spinetoram (amixture of spinetoram-j and spinetoram-l)	Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel, Crymax) Grandevo Insecticidal soap & oil, Spinosad, Neem Natural Enemies: Trichogramma, Encyrtid & pteromalid parasitoids, Lacewings	Sanitation: remove crop debris and alternative host plants (wild mustard and shepherd's purse)	Sanitation (remove crop debris) Remove alternate host plants (wild mustard, shepherd's purse)
Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)	Low	Both adults and larvae of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) can defoliate tomato plants. Infestations on tomato occur early in the season after migration from spring potato fields. The preferred host of CPB is potato, but it will feed on other Solanaceous plants. Thoroughly scout fields and spray only when necessary. Treatments should be made if populations exceed 15 adults per 10 plants or a combination of 20 CPB larvae and/or adults per 10 plants. Insecticides should be applied after most egg masses have hatched, but before larvae become large. CPB has developed resistance to many different insecticides, so it is critical to know the resistance status of the population for choosing effective insecticides.	Defoliation	acetamiprid chlorantraniliprole cyantraniliprole imidacloprid spinetoram (amixture of spinetoram-j and spinetoram-l) thiamethoxam	Insecticidal soap, Neem, Pyrethrins (for larval control) Natural enemies: Lacewing, Ichneumonid wasp	Hand-picking	Late plantings minimize insect populations Plant tolerant varieties Crop rotation
Corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea)	High	The tomato fruitworm, also known as the corn earworm and cotton bollworm, is potentially the most damaging insect pest of field-grown tomatoes in the southeastern US. The distribution and abundance of overwintering pupae varies within this region. Even though fruitworm overwinter poorly in cooler regions, populations immigrate from nearby areas ensuring annual infestations in all production regions. Pupae overwinter in the soil and adults emerge in early May to early June. Populations on tomatoes are generally highest in July and August, typically occuring from earlier infestations in nearby corn. Corn in the silk stage is a preferred host of fruitworm, but when corn silks begin to dry, moths lay eggs on other hosts, including tomatoes. Once the eggs hatch, larvae begin to feed on foliage and then move to buds or fruit. There are many insecticides that provide excellent contol. Because larvae feed on leaf tissue for only a short time before boring into fruit, the key to controlling this insect is to ensure that there is a toxic pesticide residue on the plant during egg-laying periods to kill the larvae shortly after hatching. Tomato fruitworm moth activity can be monitored with pheromone traps, which serve as a measure of the adult population within an area.	Holes chewed in buds and fruit Distorted leaves from feeding on leaf tips of the developing bud	bacillus thuringiensis (bt) chlorantraniliprole chloropicrin + metam-sodium cyantraniliprole emamectin benzoate indoxacarb methomyl methoxyfenozide novaluron spinetoram (amixture of spinetoram-j and spinetoram-l)	(Dipel, Crymax) Bacillus thuringeiensis (Bt) products provide good control of fruitworms but overall are less effective than synthetic insecticides against high-density populations. Grandevo Insecticidal soap & oil, Spinosad, Neem, Chromobacterium Natural enemies: minute pirate bug, lacewings, Ichneumonid & Pteromalid parasitoids Natural enemies impact fruitworm populations on tomatoes. However, these predators combined do not offer enough control on the economic level.	Hand-picking	Early plantings of tomatoes have less exposure to fruitworm pressure than later plantings. However, supplemental control should still be implemented. Climatic conditions and market considerations also limit the overall usefulness of this management practice.
Hornworm (Manduca spp.)	Medium in some locations	This pest is a low priority in Florida, low to medium priority in Kentucky, and medium prioriy in Tenneessee. The tobacoo hornworm (Manduca sexta) closely resembles the tomato hornworm (M. quinquemaculata), and they both feed on solanaceous plants. Both of these species are caterpillar pests of tomatoes. The larvae are called hornworms because they have a prominent "horn" on their hind end. Hornworm adults (moths) do not cause harm to the tomato because they are nectar feeders. However, the larvae, or caterpillars, chew on upper portions of leaves and leave traces of green or black droppings. The larva are capable of consuming several leaves per day and occassionally feed on green fruit. The hornworms are large (3-4") but camoflauge well with the green foliage of the plant. Scouting is critical to find the larvae when they are small and the action threshold for hornworms is 0.5 small larvae per plant.	Holes in leaves	bacillus thuringiensis (bt) chlorantraniliprole cyantraniliprole emamectin benzoate indoxacarb methomyl novaluron pyrethroid spinetoram (amixture of spinetoram-j and spinetoram-l)	Predatory insects: ladybeetles, green lacewings, predatory wasps such as paper wasps and yellowjackets, small parasitic wasps (Cotesia congregatus) Spinosad and Bt products		Soil tilling
Potato flea beetle (Epitrix cucumeris)	High in some locations	The flea beetle is of high importance in Arkansas; medium priority in north Florida, and South Carolina; low priority in Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. Several species of flea beetles are common pests on tomato: potato flea beetle, eggplant flea beetle, and tobacco flea beetle. However, they rarely cause damage to tomatoes. Adult beetles feed on foliage within three weeks after transplanting, but tomatoes quickly outgrow this damage. Larvae feed on roots of plants, but do not cause damage. Efficacy of insecticide products varies according to species of flea beetle present.	Holes in leaves	acetamiprid clothianidin cyantraniliprole dimethoate imidacloprid spirotetramat thiamethoxam	Insecticidal oil, Neem, Spinosad, Azera (insecticide premix), Parasitic nematodes (drench in soil) Natural Enemies: Braconid wasps	Use row covers to protect transplants.	Remove weeds and trash which can harbor insects in fields and around borders. Timely planting of crops. Trap crops.
Stinkbugs	High	The green and brown stink bug are common pests of tomato, but the severity in damage varies among fields. Stink bugs are most common in smaller fields (i.e. 5 acres or less) that are surrounded by weedy borders, or fields that are adjacent to soybeans. Both species overwinter in weeds and debris surrounding fields and migrate into tomato fields throughout the season. Unfortunately, there is not a good sampling method to assess thresholds. Stink bugs can be difficult to detect because they are easily startled and locate shelter when disturbed. Chemical control of stink bugs is often not necessary in fields that do not fit the previous description. Depending on the surrounding habitat and abundance of stink bugs within an area, one to three applications of an insecticide are necessary to prevent damage.Brown marmorated stink bugs are of high importance in Tennesse and North Carolina and of low importance in South Carolina and Georgia.	Discolored blemishes on fruit	dinotefuran pyrethroid thiamethoxam	There are natural predators and parasites (Eucoliid & Scenlionid parasitoids) that attack egg masses of the stink bug. Parasitized eggs turn dark. Insecticidal oil, Pyrethrin, Azera Venerate XC strongly repels stinks bugs, but does cause death.	Insect netting, row covers, hand-picking	Keep fields free of weeds that serve as overwintering hosts for stinkbugs. Use trap crops of sorghum or okra. Plant late to minimize insects.
Thrips	High	Thrips can cause direct damage to tomato fruit by feeding or ovipostition scars on small fruits, and are also indirect pests of tomato due to their ability to transmit tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). The tobacco thrips and western flower thrips are vectors of tomato spotted wilt virus, and transmit the virus when feeding on foliage shortly after planting. The majority of virus infections are the result of primary spread (thrips transmitting the virus from surrounding weeds directly to tomatoes or greenhouse infections), and insecticides do not kill thrips quickly enough to prevent inoculation. However, an aggressive insecticide control program early in the season (3 to 4 weeks after transplanting) and the use of reflective mulches have helped to reduce the incidence of TSWV in tomatoes. Thrips can also cause direct damage to tomato fruit. This is the result of thrips feeding and/or laying eggs in small fruits before stamens are shed from flowers. This damage appears as small dimples in fruits. Sample thrips in tomato flowers by placing a white index card below flowers and tapping the flowers with a finger. An average of 1 thrips per flower has worked well as a treatment threshold level. Insecticide resistant populations may occur. Insecticides never provide more than 60% control of the population.	Leaf flecking Silvering on leaves Gold flecking on fruit	abamectin cyantraniliprole dimethoate dinotefuran methomyl novaluron spinetoram (amixture of spinetoram-j and spinetoram-l)	Spinosad, Insecticidal soap, Paraffinic oil, Requiem Natural enemies: Orius insidiosus & O. majusculus (minute pirate bugs), Lacewings, Hypoaspis miles & Amblyseius swirskii (predatory mites) Venerate works Fair-Good on contact with thrips.		Sanitation in greenhouses will reduce populations. Late plantings will minimize populations. Remove weeds and trash which can harbor insects in fields and field borders.
Tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta)	High in some locations	The tomato leafminer is a high priority in South Florida.	Feeding on leaves resulting in slender, white winding trail Large, whitish blotches Defoliation	abamectin chlorantraniliprole spinetoram (minor component (4-methyl))
Tomato pinworm (Keiferia lycopersicella)	Low	The tomato pinworm is more common in the southern compared with northern regions of the southeast, but late-season infestations are common in northern areas. Populations may develop late in the season in North Carolina due to migrating moths. Moths lay eggs on foliage, and larvae feed within leaves, creating blotchy mines. As larvae increase in age they bore into stems and/or fruit and can yield unmarketable fruit. The use of pheromone based mating disruption is an effective control method. Initiate mating disruption at the first sign of mines on foliage. Numerous insecticides also control pinworm. Since this insect does not overwinter in North Carolina, two or three applications of an appropriate inseciticde applied every week is typically sufficient enough to elminate populations.	Blotch-like leaf mines Pinholes in stem and fruit Fruit blotches	bacillus thuringiensis (bt) chlorantraniliprole cyantraniliprole emamectin benzoate indoxacarb methomyl methoxyfenozide novaluron spinetoram (amixture of spinetoram-j and spinetoram-l)	Pheromone-mediated mating disruption is registered and effective in areas where pinworm is a common pest; however, it is not recommended in NC due to the sporadic infestation of the pest. (Dipel, Crymax) Bacillus thuringiensis		Sanitation in greenhouse will minimize populations. Early plantings will minimize infestation.
Whiteflies	High in some locations	Silverleaf whitelfly is of high importance in Georgia, South Carolina, and northern Florida. It is a low priority in North Carolina and Arkansas. The silverleaf whitefly and to a lesser extent, the sweetpotato whitefly, can both infest tomatoes in the greenhouse. Generally, the silverleaf whitefly is more common in the southern region and the greenhouse whitefly is more common in the northern region of the southeast. Adults and nymphs feed on leaves causing damage which can reduce the rate of photosynthesis and stunt growth. Sweetpotato whitefly transmits Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, an important pathogen of tomatoes in the southern parts of the region. Additionally, the accumulation of honeydew from whiteflies on tomato leaves and fruit promotes growth of sooty molds. Once whitefly populations of either species become established on a crop, they are very difficult to control. Therefore, preventative control is usually necessary for effective, season-long management. Preventative control can be achieved with soil-applied systemic insecticides applied to the soil or at planting, or the application of other insecticides when populations are low. Insecticides provide control for populations of nymphs, and the efficacy data given below applies to nymphs. There are no products that provide good control of adult populations of whiteflies.	Chlorotic spots from feeding	acetamiprid buprofezin chlorantraniliprole cyantraniliprole dinotefuran flupyradifurone imidacloprid pyriproxyfen spiromesifen spirotetramat thiamethoxam	Metarhizium anisopliae, Insecticidal soap, Neem oil, Beuveria bassiana Natural enemies: Lacewings, Encarsia formosa & Eretmocerus eremicus (parasitoids), Ambylyseius swirskii (predatory mite) Grandevo provides control for nymphs; Venerate repels adults. Tri-tech mineral oil provides fair control.		Crop rotation and Sanitation

Pathogens

Disease management is one of the most important aspects of tomato production in the southeast. This is primarily due to the large range of pathogens that can affect tomatoes, but also due to the conducive environment for disease--high humidity, moderate to heavy rainfall and temperature. Diseases of tomato that affect foliage and fruit in the southeastern region include bacterial spot, early blight, late blight, TSWV (Tomato spotted wilt virus), Botrytis gray mold, and Septoria leaf spot. Soilborne diseases, including bacterial wilt, Verticillium wilt, Fusarium wilt, and southern blight also reduce yields.

Pest	Rank	Description	Symptoms	Chemical Control	Biological Control	Cultural Control
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers (Alternaria spp.)	High in some locations	Alternaria stem canker is caused by Alternaria alternata which infects the stem of tomatoes causing dark brown to black cankers with concentric zonation. This disease can cause death by girdling the stem as the plant develops and the lesion enlarges. The disease can occur on tomato leaves and fruit, when present, at any time during the crop cycle. Leaf lesions are dark brown to black, and irregularly shaped. Brown, sunken fruit lesions occur on green, unripe fruit. As the fruit ripens, the lesions stop developing. A. alternata survives well in the soil for long periods of time as a saprophyte. Infection occurs by rain-splash or wind-blown conidia (asexual spore) from soil or infected plants. Rain, heavy dew, and overhead irrigation favor disease.	Brown to black cankers on the stem Brown streaking in vascular and pith tissue Brown sunken lesions with concentric rings; circular to oval in shape on fruit Brown to black irregularly-shaped, interveinal lesions	azoxystrobin azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil azoxystrobin + difenoconazole boscalid chlorothalonil chlorothalonil + cymoxanil cyprodinil + difenoconazole cyprodinil + fludioxonil difenoconazole + benzovindiflupyr difenoconazole + mandipropamide famoxadone + cymoxanil fenamidone fluopyram + pyrimethanil fluopyram + trifloxystrobin flutriafol fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin mancozeb mancozeb + zoxamide penthiopyrad pyraclostrobin pyrimethanil trifloxystrobin zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate	Double Nickel 55, Double Nickel LC (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747) LifeGard WG (Bacillus mycoides isolate J) CEASE, Serenade ASO, Serenade MAX (Bacillus subtilus strain QST 713) Regalia (extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis)	Rotate away from solanaceous crops for 2-3 years. Avoid overhead irrigation.
Anthracnose (Colletotrichum coccodes)	Medium	Anthracnose is mainly a problem on ripe and overripe tomato fruit. The disease is common in areas with moist conditions, which favor disease development. Several species of the genus Colletotrichum can cause anthracnose; however, C. coccodes is most commonly associated with symptoms on fruit. Symptoms first appear on ripe fruit even though immature fruit may be infected. Small, sunken circular lesions first appear and develop into larger, more depressed lesions with concentric rings. As the lesion develops, microsclerotia (resting structures) develop in the center of the lesion and appear as small black specks. Under moist conditions, masses of salmon-colored spores may be produced. Infections occur from fruit resting on the soil or conidia splashed onto foliage and fruit. Disease occurs at temperatures of 50-85 degrees F with free moisture.	Small, slightly sunken lesions on fruit that develop into larger, more sunken areas with concentric rings	azoxystrobin azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil azoxystrobin + difenoconazole chlorothalonil chlorothalonil + cymoxanil cyprodinil + difenoconazole difenoconazole + benzovindiflupyr difenoconazole + mandipropamide famoxadone + cymoxanil fixed copper fluopyram + trifloxystrobin flutriafol fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin mancozeb penthiopyrad pyraclostrobin trifloxystrobin	Regalia (extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis) Serenade ASO (Bacillus subtilus strain QST 713)	Crop rotation with nonsolanaceous crops Avoid excess overhead irrigation Remove weeds because they can serve as hosts for the pathogen Remove and destroy infected fruit from the field
Bacterial canker (Clavibacter michiganensis pv. michiganensis)	Medium	Bacterial canker is a sporadic yet devastating disease in tomato productions areas of the Southeast. The causal agent is seed borne, but can also temporarily survive in soil and in greenhouses (but can survive much longer in plant debris). Symptoms can be either superficial or systemic, with systemic symptoms generally showing up early in the seeds or young seedlings. The disease can occur at anytime during the crop cycle, even in the greenhouse. Note: Bacterial canker (superficial or systemic) is rarely seen on open field grown tomatoes in deep south states.	A superficial infection will cause small white spots with a brown (necrotic) center on the young green fruit and the leaf margins may turn brown and may appear "burnt" If the infection is systemic (i.e., if the bacterium enters the vascular system), the bcaterium may cause leaf wilting, stem cracking, fruit rot, and leaf discoloration	acibenzolar-s-methyl fixed copper sodium hypochlorite	Serenade ASO (Bacillus subtilus strain QST 713)	Use disease free seed or transplants Treat seed Practice sanitation at the transplant stage Rotate away from tomato for 3-4 years Control of solanaceous weeds Destroy crop residue Promote air movement Do not handle plants when wet Use drip irrigation - avoid overhead watering
Bacterial speck (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato)	Medium in some locations	Bacterial speck is a medium to high priority pathogen in Florida; a low to medium priority pathogen in AL, KY, NC, FL, and TN; and a low priority in AR and LA. Bacterial speck can substantially reduce crop yield and quality/marketability of fruit. The bacteria is typically introduced via seeds or seedlings that thrive in cool weather conditions (65-75 degrees F). It is often transferred from plant to plant through splashing water, infected tools, or contaminated hands.	Symptoms include small black spots (1/8 to 1/4 inch in diameter) with a yellow halo on leaves. Pinpoint size lesions appear on fruit but do not penetrate the fruit skin very deeply. Bacterial speck can be difficult to distinguish from other foliar bacterial diseases based on symptoms alone and a diagnostic test may be necessary.	acibenzolar-s-methyl bacillus mycoides isolate j bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki bacteriophage (from selected pseudomonas species) fixed copper mancozeb + copper hydroxide reynoutria sachalinensis streptomycin sulfate (1:3)	Leap (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain ABTS-351) LifeGard (Bacillus mycoides isolate J) Regalia (extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis) Double Nickel 55, Double Nickel LC (Bacillus amyloliquefaciensstrain D747) CEASE, Serenade MAX (Bacillus subtilus strain QST 713)	Use disease free seed or transplants Use seed treatments Practice strict sanitation at the transplant stage Promote air movement Do not handle plants when wet Use drip irrigation - avoid overhead watering
Bacterial spot (Xanthomonas spp.)	High	Bacterial spot, a severe disease of tomato, is prevalent throughout the Southeast. Bacterial spot is found typically in warm, humid climates. The disease causes spots on leaves, stems, and fruit and can result in severe blighting and defoliation. The bacteria can survive on crop residue for a few months or up to 2 years in tropical or sub-tropical climates. Introduction of the pathogen into the field can occur via infected seed or transplants, even if seedlings or seeds do not show symptoms of infection. Spots may be a yellow/green color, but darken to brown as they age with a yellow halo. If disease is severe, leaves may turn yellow and result in a blighted appearance. Spots on green fruit are typically small and may be slightly. On mature fruit, the spots can reach a size of 1/4 inch and turn brown and scabby. Note: Bacterial spot has shown resistance to fixed copper.	Leaves have small (less than 1/8 inch) brown circular spots with a yellow halo, and can occur on stems and calyx. Fruit spots (up to 1/4 inch) can be slightly raised, brown, and may appear as a scab.	acibenzolar-s-methyl bacillus mycoides isolate j bacteriophage (from selected pseudomonas species) fixed copper fixed copper + mancozeb streptomycin sulfate (1:3)	Leap (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain ABTS-351) LifeGard (Bacillus mycoides isolate J) Regalia (extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis) CEASE, Double Nickel 55, Double Nickel LC (Bacillus amyloliquefaciensstrain D747) Serenade MAX (Bacillus subtilus strain QST 713)	Use disease free seed or transplants Use seed treatments Practice sanitation at the transplant stage Promote air movement Do not handle plants when wet Use drip irrigation - avoid overhead watering Use preventative foliar fungicides/bactericides
Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum)	High	Bacterial wilt can occur in all tomato production areas of the Southeast and at any time during the crop cycle, but it is more common in warmer climates of this region. The bacteria is very persistent in soil. The pathogen enters the roots through wounds (from transplanting, insects, or cultivation) and then colonize and multiply in the xylem tissue causing wilting and rapid collapse of the plant. High soil temperature and moisture favor disease development. Control of bacterial wilt can be difficult once it is present. Chemical control for bacterial wilt is not currently available.	Early stages of the disease consist of wilting of young leaves at the ends of branches. Plants may appear to recover overnight, only to wilt again in the afternoon heat. In later stages of the disease, the whole plant will wilt and eventually die. Cross sections of infected stems (in the vascular tissue) may show brown discoloration. A milky-white substance (the bacteria) may stream out of freshly cut stem tissue if placed in water for 3-5 minutes.			Crop rotation of non-susceptible plants (corn, beans, cabbage, etc) for at least three years provides some control. Do not plant pepper, eggplant, tomato, or sunflower in infested soils.
Corynespora leaf spot (Corynespora cassiicola)	High in some locations	Corynespora leaf spot, also known as target spot, thrives in moderate temperatures and is of high importance in Florida and Georgia. Leaf symptoms include small necrotic lesions with light brown centers and dark margins. The disease tends to start deep within the tomato canopy and then progresses towards the outer leaves. On the fruit, lesions begin as brown, slightly sunken flecks that develop into large, pitted areas. The fungus is capable of developing resistance to some fungicides; therefore, rotation of fungicide chemistries is important. Weeds can serve as alternate hosts for target spot and should be removed from fields and field borders. The disease can occur at any time during the crop cycle.	Leaf symptoms include small, necrotic lesions with light brown centers and dark margins Fruit symptoms include brown, slightly sunken flecks that develop into large, pitted areas	azoxystrobin azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil azoxystrobin + difenoconazole boscalid chlorothalonil chlorothalonil + cymoxanil cyprodinil + difenoconazole difenoconazole + benzovindiflupyr difenoconazole + mandipropamide famoxadone + cymoxanil fluopyram + pyrimethanil fluopyram + trifloxystrobin fluoxastrobin flutriafol fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin mancozeb mancozeb + zoxamide penthiopyrad pyraclostrobin	CEASE, Serenade MAX, Serenade ASO (Bacillus subtilus strain QST 713)	Practice sanitation at the transplant stage Control solanaceous weeds Destroy crop residue Promote air movement Do not handle plants when wet Use drip irrigation - avoid overhead watering Use preventative foliar fungicides - ensure adequate foliar coverage
Early blight (Alternaria linariae)	High	Early blight is one of the most common and serious foliar diseases on tomato. It can occur in all production regions of the Southeast. The fungus overwinters in crop debris and can survive on wild solanaceous hosts; thus, the disease is more severe in fields where tomato has been grown in consecutive years. Early blight is one of the first diseases to occur in the season, but the disease can occur throughout the season. The fungus is known to develop resistance to strobilurin fungicides (quinone outside inhibitors), such as azoxystrobin.	Initial symptoms of early blight include small, dark brown spots. Advanced lesions have yellow halos and distinctive concentric circles within the lesion. Lesions may coalesce to result in a blighted appearance of affected leaves. On fruit, the lesions appear dark brown to black and tend to occur around the calyx. Stem lesions tend to be narrow and elongated and will sometimes exhibit minute concentric circles, although this symptom may be difficult to observe.	azoxystrobin azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil azoxystrobin + difenoconazole boscalid chlorothalonil chlorothalonil + cymoxanil cyprodinil + difenoconazole cyprodinil + fludioxonil difenoconazole + benzovindiflupyr difenoconazole + mandipropamide famoxadone + cymoxanil fenamidone fluopyram + pyrimethanil fluopyram + trifloxystrobin fluoxastrobin flutriafol fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin mancozeb mancozeb + zoxamide penthiopyrad polyoxin d zinc salt polyoxin d zinc salt pyraclostrobin pyrimethanil trifloxystrobin trifloxystrobin zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate zoxamide + chlorothalonil	Double Nickel 55, Double Nickel LC (Bacillus amyloliquefaciensstrain D747) LifeGard WG (Bacillus mycoidesisolate J) CEASE, Serenade ASO, Serenade MAX (Bacillus subtilus strain QST 713) Regalia (extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis) Sonata (Bacillus pumilus strain QST 2808)	Use of disease free seed or transplants Crop rotation: 3-4 years Control of solanaceous weeds Maintain adequate fertility Use plastic or reflective mulches Use drip irrigation - avoid overhead watering Use preventative, foliar fungicides/bactericides
Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici)	High	Fusarium wilt is a soilborne fungal disease that is found throughout all tomato production areas of the southeastern US. The fungus can remain in infested soil up to 10 years and can be transmitted by seed, transplants, infested soil, tomato stakes, and other equipment. Fusarium wilt can be very destructive, causing wilt and eventual death of infected plants. The fungus is more prevalent at higher temperaturs (80-90 degrees F). The pathogen enters the roots, then spreads throughout the plant through the vascular tissue. The disease can occur throughout the crop cycle. Soil fumigation and the use of resistant varieties are the only effective control measures. There are multiple races of the pathogen, so understanding which race is present is essential to optmizing variety selection.	Yellowing and/or wilting occurs initially on one side of the plant or leaf, beginning with the older, bottom leaves. Disease progresses into entire plant wilting and tissue turns brown and the plant defoliates. Growth is stunted, and little or no fruit develops. A cross-section of the stem shows brown discoloration of the vascular tissue.	1,3-dichloropropene 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin chloropicrin + metam-sodium	Regalia (extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis) RootShield WP (Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain KRL-AG2) Double Nickel 55, Double Nickel LC (Bacillus amyloliquefaciensstrain D747) Bio-Tam (Trichoderma asperellum [ICC 012] and Trichoderma gamsii [ICC 080])	Use disease resistant cultivars Avoid over-use of nitrogen fertilizers Sterilize field equipment (stakes, cages, etc) Remove and destroy infected plants. Soil sterilization or fumigation will help eliminate the fungi from the soil. Crop rotation 3-4 years. Do not rotate with solanaceous plants in infected areas.
Gray leaf spot (Stemphylium spp.)	Medium in some locations	Two species of Stemphylium are known to cause gray leaf spot of tomato, S. solani and S. lycopersici. Symptoms first appear as minute brownish-black specks on the lower leaves and progress upwards in the plant. Circular to oblong spots enlarge and may coalesce on older leaves causing large areas of necrosis. Heavy dew, high humidity, and warm temperatures (75-80 F) favor disease development. The disease can occur at any time during the crop cycle.	Symptoms first appear as brownish-black specks and then enlarge, occasionally coalescing. Centers of the spots dry out and crack.	azoxystrobin + difenoconazole chlorothalonil cyprodinil + difenoconazole difenoconazole + mandipropamide fixed copper + mancozeb fluopyram + pyrimethanil fluopyram + trifloxystrobin mancozeb mancozeb + zoxamide trifloxystrobin		Use resistant cultivars Regular preventative, foliar fungicide sprays
Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)	Low	Gray mold is a fungal pathogen that occurs sporadically in the mountains of North Carolina and rarely in other production areas of the southeast. The fungus infects all above-ground plant partsand can be a very damaging disease to tomato crop production, causing blighting and fruit rot. The pathogen thrives under cool (60-70 degrees F), moist conditions and in plantings with dense foliage. In the field, the fungus appears as a velvety gray covering of spores on dying leaves, flowers and calyx. Gray mold can occur at anytime throughout the crop cycle, but is most damaging when fruit are ripening.	Symptoms initially appear as brown or tan colored lesions on leaves. On fruit, the disease causes a soft rot and lesions are typically white in color. Sometimes, "ghost spots" (darker green spots with light green halos) occur as a result of spore germination that has aborted. The fungus sprulates profusely under adequate conditions and this gray, fuzzy sporulation is diagnostic of this disease.	boscalid chlorothalonil chlorothalonil + cymoxanil cyprodinil + difenoconazole fludioxonil fluopyram + trifloxystrobin fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin penthiopyrad pyraclostrobin pyrimethanil	Regalia (extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis) LifeGard WG (Bacillus mycoidesisolate J) CEASE, Serenade MAX, Serenade ASO (Bacillus subtilus strain QST 713) Double Nickel 55, Double Nickel LC (Bacillus amyloliquefaciensstrain D747) Fracture (Banda de Lupinus albus doce [BLAD]) Mycostop (Streptomyces griseoviridis strain K61)	Maintain proper nutrition Promote air movement Use drip irrigation - avoid overhead watering Apply preventative foliar fungicides
Late blight (Phytophthora infestans)	High in some locations	Late blight is a devastating disease that can affect the crop at any stage of development. It can cause early-season leaf blighting and late-season fruit rot on tomatoes. The disease progresses rapidly under cool, humid weather conditions (60-70 degrees F) and can cause devastating effects on tomato crops if not controlled. The disease can affect all parts of the plant (leaves, stems, fruit). Consistent field scouting and monitoring weather conditions can be very effective in identification and control of the disease. Fungicides may help slow the progress of late blight, however, new metalaxyl-resistant strains of the fungus are present in mid-Atlantic region and are highly aggressive on tomatoes.	On leaves and stems, brown or tan lesions develop and can progress rapidly. Typically, lesions occur over the entire plant. Sporulation can be prolific on the undersides of leaves and appears fuzzy and white or clear in color. On ripe or unripe fruit, brown, splotchy lesions develop and can spread over the entire fruit.	ametoctradin + dimethomorph azoxystrobin azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil chlorothalonil chlorothalonil chlorothalonil + cymoxanil chlorothalonil + mefenoxam cyazofamid cymoxanil difenoconazole + mandipropamide dimethomorph dimethomorph fenamidone fluopicolide fluoxastrobin fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin mancozeb mancozeb mancozeb + mefenoxam mancozeb + zoxamide mono- and di- potassium salts of phosphorous acid oxathiapiprolin + chlorothalonil oxathiapiprolin + mandipropamide polyoxin d zinc salt propamocarb pyraclostrobin trifloxystrobin zoxamide + chlorothalonil	Regalia (extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis) LifeGard WG (Bacillus mycoidesisolate J) CEASE, Serenade MAX, Serenade ASO (Bacillus subtilus strain QST 713) Double Nickel 55, Double Nickel LC (Bacillus amyloliquefaciensstrain D747) Sonata (Bacillus pumilus strain QST 2808)	Use resistant cultivars Promote air movement Apply foliar fungicides
Leaf mold (Passalora fulva)	Medium in some locations	Leaf mold has been primarily a problem of tomatoes produced in high tunnels and greenhouses where relative humidity is high, but recently also has been a problem in Georgia in field-grown tomatoes. In the field, leaf mold causes defoliation in the spring and early summer growing seasons and result in yield loss. The disease favors warm temperatures (70-75 degrees F) and high relatively humidity (75-90%). Under these conditions, the fungus produces a prolific amount of spores on the undersides of the leaves and spores are dispersed by wind and rain-splash.	Yellow, sometimes angular, spots appear on the upper side of the leaf. On the lower side of the leaf, greenish/brown spores produce a fuzzy appearance. Flowers and fruit are rarely affected.	azoxystrobin + difenoconazole cyprodinil + difenoconazole difenoconazole + benzovindiflupyr famoxadone + cymoxanil fluopyram + trifloxystrobin mancozeb mancozeb + zoxamide polyoxin d zinc salt		Use disease free seed or transplants Practice sanitation at the transplant stage Crop rotation: 3-4 years Control solanaceous weeds Destroy crop residue Promote air movement Use drip irrigation - avoid overhead watering Use preventative foliar fungicides
Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora nicotianae)	Low	Three species of Phytophthora are capable of causing buckeye rot on tomato: P. nicotiana, P. drechsleri, and P. capsici. Fruit infection is favored by high relative humidity, abundant soil moisture, and warm weather. Fruit symptoms begin as smooth, firm brownish spots, and as the spot enlarges, concentric rings form with dark-brown and light-brown bands. Infected fruit remain firm until the decay process occurs. Spores are spread primarily by rain splash from infested soil. Widespread losses are attributed to excess soil moisture and cool soil temperatures (65-85 degrees F). The disease can occur at any time during the crop cycle, but is most damaging to the fruit.	Firm, brown, sometimes concentric rings on fruit Brown to tan lesions on leaves and stems	azoxystrobin azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil famoxadone + cymoxanil fixed copper + mefenoxam mancozeb + zoxamide oxathiapiprolin + chlorothalonil oxathiapiprolin + mandipropamide	Regalia (extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis) Serenade ASO (Bacillus subtilus strain QST 713) Bio-Tam (Trichoderma asperellum [ICC 012] and Trichoderma gamsii [ICC 080])	Crop rotation: 3-4 years Use plastic mulch Use drip irrigation - avoid overhead watering Use preventative foliar fungicides Soil fumigation
Sclerotinia timber rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)	Low	Timber rot, also known as Sclerotinia stem rot or white mold, is favored by cool, moist weather conditions early in the crop cycle. Infection occurson the lower stem, at leaf axils or in stem joints where water-soaked lesions develop. Lesions expand and the whole stem becomes soft and eventually turns bleached to light gray. White, cottony mycelium may grow from the base of the main stem. The whole plant will eventually wilt and die. Large areas of a field can be affected due to mycelium spreading from plant to plant in the soil. Brown or black sclerotia (overwintering structure) will develop on the inside of the stem and can be seen if the stem is cut open lengthwise.	Water-soaked lesions begin on the lower stem and sometimes in the leaf axils The whole plant wilts and the main stem becomes bleached and dried White mycelium may be observed on the outside of the stem Black sclerotia may develop on the inside the stem	1,3-dichloropropene allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin + metam-sodium fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin pyraclostrobin	Contans WG (Coniothyrium minitans, strain CON/M/91-08) Bio-Tam (Trichoderma asperellum [ICC 012] and Trichoderma gamsii [ICC 080])	Prevent formation of a dense canopy Deep plow to bury sclerotia
Septoria leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici)	High	Septoria leaf spot is common throughout the southeast and can occur at anytime during the crop cycle. The disease can be very destructive as it can progress rapidly during rainy, humid weather if not controlled. The fungus is seedborne, but can overwinter on debris and equipment. Fungal spores are spread by splashing rain and by workers and equipment moving through a tomato field when the foliage is wet.	Initial symptoms of Septoria leaf spot are small, dark brown to black lesions that expand to 1-2mm in diameter. Eventually, gray or tan centers develop within the lesions with dark brown margins. Small black dots or fruiting bodies (pycnidia) may appear in the center of the lesion. On the underside of the leaf, spores may emerge in a curl resembling a pigtail.	azoxystrobin azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil azoxystrobin + difenoconazole chlorothalonil chlorothalonil + cymoxanil cyprodinil + difenoconazole difenoconazole + benzovindiflupyr difenoconazole + mandipropamide fluopyram + pyrimethanil fluopyram + trifloxystrobin fluoxastrobin fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin mancozeb mancozeb + zoxamide penthiopyrad polyoxin d zinc salt polyoxin d zinc salt pyraclostrobin zoxamide + chlorothalonil		Control solanaceous weeds Promote air movement Use plastic or reflective mulches Use drip irrigation - avoid overhead watering Use preventative foliar fungicides
Southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii)	High	Southern blight is more common in the hotter regions of the southeast and is more sporadic in cooler areas. The fungus is soilborne and can cause damping-off of seedlings, and crown rot and death of older plants. The fungus thrives in warm (85 to 95F), humid environments and survives between crops as sclerotia (overwintering structure) in the soil and on debris. It can also survive winters under cover of snow or mulch. It can be difficult to control when weather conditions favor the disease. The disease can occur at any time during the crop cycle.	Initial symptoms include rapid wilting of the entire plant. White mold and brown-colored sclerotia also may be present at the base of the plant.	allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin + metam-sodium difenoconazole + benzovindiflupyr fluoxastrobin fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin pcnb (= pentachloronitrobenzene) penthiopyrad pyraclostrobin	Serenade ASO (Bacillus subtilus strain QST 713) Double Nickel 55, Double Nickel LC (Bacillus amyloliquefaciensstrain D747) Bio-Tam (Trichoderma asperellum [ICC 012] and Trichoderma gamsii [ICC 080])	Crop rotation is one of the most effective ways of keeping southern blight out of production areas. Use of soil fungicides at transplanting can provide some control.
Tomato pith necrosis (Pseudomonas mediterranea)	Low	Pith necrosis occurs sporadically in all tomato production areas. The causal agent is soilborne and is associated with cool, nighttime temperatures (around 70 degrees F) and high humidity. Disease development appears to be associated with rapid growth following high nitrogen fertilization and high moisture, so these factors are managed to reduce incidence. The disease can occur at any time throughout the crop cycle. Crop rotation does not reduce the incidence of disease, and there are no effective chemical controls.	Initial symptoms of the disease include yellowing and wilting of young leaves. In severe infections, the plant my wilt and become chlorotic. Necrotic lesions will develop along the stem and petioles. The lower stem will split lengthwise and adventitious roots tend to emerge from these splits. In a cross-section cut of the stem, the vascular tissue (pith) will be extensively discolored, swollen, or hollow/decayed where they can collapse.			Avoid excess nitrogen fertilization early in the season
Tomato spotted wilt virus (Tospovirus TSWV)	High	Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) occurs sporadically on several southeastern crops across the region, including tomatoes. Disease incidence is related to the survival of the overwintering vector, e.g., Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) and tobacco thrips (F. schultzei ), and the occurence and distribution of various alternate weed hosts of the virus. Chemical control (insecticides specific to thrips) in combination with resistant varities are the best practices to reduce the spread of the virus. The disease can occur at any time during the crop cycle, but the transmission of the virus can only occur via adult thrips.	Symptoms of tomato spotted wilt virus on leaves include purplish or bronzish coloration on leaves, tips of plants may appear burnt, and plants may wilt under severe cases. On fruit, brown, blotchy spots will appear on unripe fruit. Fruit may appear disformed and bumpy.			Use resistant cultivars Control solanaceous weeds Use plastic or reflective mulches Use insecticides
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) (Begomovirus TYLCV)	High in some locations	Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is in the genus Begomovirus, which are a group of viruses transmitted by whiteflies. The virus is of high importance in more southern states where whitefly populations can be high. Movement of infected transplants and infected fruit can serve as reservoirs of the virus and are significant sources of the virus. TYLCV can be acquired by immature or adult whiteflies, but can only be transmitted by adults. TYLCV has a large host range including cultivated species and weedy species in the Solanaceae family and can serve as reservoirs of the virus from year to year. Within a season, old or abandoned tomato fields where whiteflies are no longer managed are important sources of the virus to young tomato fields. Where whitefly populations are high, up to 100% of the yield may be lost. A regular rotation of pesticides, including neonicotinoids, that kill all life stages of whiteflies should be implemented, but resistance to the pesticides and the loss of natural predators and parasites can lead to ineffective management.	Symptoms of TYLCV include stunting, reduced leaf size, leaf cupping, chlorotic leaf margins, mottled leaves, and aborted flowers. TYLCV can severly reduce yields and, in severe cases, can be 100% yield loss.			Resistant varieties have been developed, but are not available for all production areas or climates. However, host resistance can be overcome where whitefly populations become high or are early in the season.
Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae)	High in some locations	Verticillium wilt is a soilborne disease that is very common in cooler regions and is rare or absent in other production regions of the Southeast. The disease can occur at any time during the crop cycle. The disease causes stunting, wilting, and slow plant decline that results in moderate to heavy yield losses. The fungus can survive in soil and crop debris for up to eight years. The fungus moves into the plant through the root hairs and blocks the vascular tissue.. The pathogen prefers temperatures from 55 degrees F to 86 degrees F (75 degrees F is optimum). Resistant varieties are available; however, they are only resistant to Race 1 so they do not control the disease where other races are present. Currently, soil fumigation (chloropicrin) is the only effective chemical control for fields with races other than Race 1.	Initial symptoms include yellow V-shaped lesions begining on the margins of the lower leaflets extending inwards. The vascular tissue on the inside of the stem will have a slight tan to off-white color. The leaves may wilt and stunt the plants growth.	1,3-dichloropropene allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin chloropicrin + metam-sodium	Bio-Tam (Trichoderma asperellum [ICC 012] and Trichoderma gamsii [ICC 080])	Use certified pathogen-free seeds and transplants Disease resistant tomato cultivars, when available Manage weeds (ragweed, cocklebur, velvetleaf) due to their ability to harbor the pathogen Maintain healthy well-drained soil and consistent soil moisture

Weeds

Weed management is an important aspect of tomato production in southeastern United States. If not controlled, weeds can contribute to the spread of insects or pathogens to crops, and can cause as much as 50 to 70 percent reduction in crop yield by competing for available light and nutrients. Weeds that infest tomato fields in the southeast include annual grasses (broadleaf signalgrass, large crabgrass, goosegrass), perennial grasses (Johnsongrass), perennial sedges (yellow nutsedge, purple nutsedge) and broadleaf weeds (common ragweed, common lambsquarters, morningglory, amaranth, cocklebur, thistle, curly dock, florida beggarweed and Pennsylvania smartweed). If not controlled, weeds can reduce yield, particularly of the larger sized fruit. Tomatoes must be nearly weed-free from transplanting to flowering for optimum yield and quality.

Pest	Rank	Description	Chemical Control	Cultural Control
Broadleaf signalgrass (Urochloa platyphylla)	Low	Broadleaf signalgrass is a summer annual grass with short, wide leaves, and a fringed ligule. It is widely dispersed throughout the southeastern United States and can be found near pastures, roadsides, and crop production areas. The species is very competitive and a prolific seed producer, which allows it to spread quickly and establish rapidly. Consistent tillage of soil helps eradicate the spread of this grass, but in areas of well-established signalgrass herbicidal control is necessary. Use of the appropriate herbicide early in the spring season before the seed heads have formed or rooted at the internodes (before the plants have fully matured) is preferred, but if weeds are fully established a post-emergent herbicide is suggested. Note: Level of importance in Florida is low-medium.	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin + metam-sodium clethodim dcpa dimethyl disulfide (dmds) metam-potassium metam-sodium metribuzin napropamide oxyfluorfen paraquat pendimethalin s-metolachlor sethoxydim trifluralin	Use certified weed-free seeds. Scout fields on a regular basis for weed control. Clean farming equipment after use in infested fields.
Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense)	Low	Canada thistle is noxious perennial weed that develops from seed and underground root shoots from early spring through May. Canada thistle is very competitve and reproductively successful due to the presence of vegetative buds on the roots. The roots spread aggressively and can increase the width of a thistle patch significantly. If left uncontrolled, a single plant can eventually turn into a patch with thousands of stems. The plant grows erect from three to four feet in height, bears purple-pink flowers, and has spiny foliage. An aggressive control program requires several seasons and multiple treatments within one season to eradicate the weed. Understanding the life cycle of canada thistle is important in management strategies and attacking the root system should be targeted in control efforts.	metribuzin paraquat pendimethalin rimsulfuron trifluralin	Deep tillage is not suggested due to stimulating new growth from root reserves. Hand-weeding or mowing top growth before the plant sets seed can provide some control as it can reduce root reserves and stem density. Cover crops such as alfalfa or sweet clover can provide some control through competitiveness in the crop rotation. Practice good sanitation. If cultivating from tomato fields, work in infested fields last and santize field equipment immediately.
Common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium)	Low	The common cocklebur is a coarse summer annual that can reach heights of up to five feet tall with thick, red or black spotted stems. It prefers disturbed moist areas, often found in agricultural fields, roadsides, ditches, and bottomlands. Cocklebur can act as a host to the fungal pathogen, Verticillium, where the pathogen can quickly multiply and potentially spread to tomato crops. Leaves are alternate and triangular shaped with irregular margins. Each leaf has a petiole that is typically reddish with short white hairs. Flowers bloom from July to October and fruits look like a football-shaped prickly bur about 1 to 4 cm long. The plant reproduces by seed and is often carried and dispersed long distances by animals.	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin + metam-sodium dimethyl disulfide (dmds) halosulfuron-methyl imazosulfuron metam-potassium metam-sodium metribuzin oxyfluorfen paraquat trifloxysulfuron-sodium	Scout fields routinely to identify and monitor the weed Plant cover crops to discourage weeds
Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea)	High	Common purslane is a succulent annual weed that is low in stature and forms dense mats. It is a problem throughout the crop cycle. It is a prolific seeder that can produce up to 240,000 seeds per plant. Once common purslane has been established, it can be difficult to control. The primary method of management for common purslane is prevention, but postemergent herbicides will help with eradication, if already established. Eliminating purslane from crop fields is important because the weed can act as a resevoir for thrips that can infect tomato crops with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Cultivation and herbicides applied before flowering is necessary to reduce the soil seed bank and effectively manage these weeds.	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin + metam-sodium dcpa dimethyl disulfide (dmds) fomesafen metam-potassium metam-sodium metribuzin napropamide oxyfluorfen pendimethalin rimsulfuron s-metolachlor trifluralin	Plant cover crops to discourage winter annuals Monitor for weeds near tomato fields Mulches can be used to discourage purslane
Corn spurry (Spergula arvensis)		Corn spurry is an annual weed that grows upright to about 20 inches tall with narrow leaves that are arranged in a whorl. Flowering occurs from early spring to early fall with white, small, 5-petaled flowers borne at the end of the stem. it is important to prevent or control corn spurry, as it has been reported to host a number of crop pathogens including bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum).	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate carfentrazone-ethyl chloropicrin + metam-sodium dimethyl disulfide (dmds) metam-potassium metam-sodium napropamide paraquat pendimethalin trifluralin	Deep tillage of soil will bury weed seeds to a depth from which they cannot emerge. However, successional cultivation can bring weed seeds to the surface of the soil to germinate. Practice tillage with caution. Proper sanitation of field equipment. Plant cover crops in rotation. Scout fields regularly for weed infestations. Hand-weeding before plants produce seeds.
Cudweed (Gnaphalium spp.)		Cudweed is an herbaceous biennial weed (or winter annual) that forms a basal rosette in the winter, and grows an upright stem in the spring. The plant stands 4-30 in. tall with small white flowers at the end of each branch. The leaves are oval shaped with white wooly fibers on the undersides of the leaves. It thrives in pastureland, roadsides, dry wastelands, and cultivated fields. The fruit forms bristly white tufts that are wind dispersed at maturation. Close mowing is not suggested in weed control as it can thrive as a flat rosette. Cudweed is most susceptible to chemical treatments when young.	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin paraquat	Hand weed before seed set. Apply mulch to control weed population. Scout fields regularly.
Curly dock (Rumex crispus)		Curly dock is a perennial weed that is widely distributed throughout the southeastern United States. The plant can thrive in a variety of different areas including cultivated fields, pastures, and in areas where no-till agriculture is practiced. Curly dock typically flowers twice a year with petals around 1/8 inch with clusters borne at the top of the stem. Reproduction is primarily through seed but curly dock can also reproduce from buds that form on the taproot. Seedlings can be effectively controlled with herbicidal applications in the spring. Mature plants are better controlled if herbicides are applied in the fall.	metribuzin oxyfluorfen paraquat pendimethalin rimsulfuron s-metolachlor trifluralin	Mowing can provide some control to help reduce curly dock density. Hand-weed before the plant has produced seeds/seedhead. Monitor fields regularly to identify weed for proper control. Cover crops can provide good control and outcompete curly dock populations.
Eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)	High	Eastern black nightshade is an erect herbaceous summer annual that is prevalent in the eastern United States. Other members of the nightshade family have many similiarities but should be carefully identified since they have different reactions to many herbicides. Although minor infestations of eastern black nightshade do not cause huge yield losses, heavy infestations will compete for available nutrients, light, and water. Nightshades are also hosts for plant pests such as Colorado potato beetle and late blight in tomato crops.	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate carfentrazone-ethyl chloropicrin + metam-sodium dimethyl disulfide (dmds) metam-potassium metam-sodium metribuzin paraquat pendimethalin rimsulfuron s-metolachlor trifluralin
Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata)	High in some locations	Eclipta is a broadleaf annual weed that occurs from spring to fall and can be found in agricultural and vegetable production fields. Distribution is high in southern states such as South Carolina and Florida, but can also be problematic in North Carolina when environmental conditions (wet, cool) are favorable for the weed to progress. Once established, the weed is heavily persistent as it can produce thousands of seeds per plant over the course of the growing season. Flowering can occur in five weeks after germination, while germination occurs typically within 6 to 7 weeks.	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate carfentrazone-ethyl chloropicrin + metam-sodium clethodim dcpa dimethyl disulfide (dmds) fomesafen halosulfuron-methyl imazosulfuron metam-potassium metam-sodium metribuzin napropamide oxyfluorfen rimsulfuron s-metolachlor trifluralin
Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum)		Florida beggarweed is an herbaceous summer annual that grows up to 9 feet in height with leaves and stems covered in small stiff hairs and seedpods that can cling to clothing, hair, and fur. Flowers are small delicate and pink and occur at the top of the plant. The species is native to tropical areas and naturalized in several regions in Florida. It is a member of the peanut family (Fabaceae) and grows along rocky or sandy streams, cultivated fields or pastures, and in sandy soils in coastal areas.	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin + metam-sodium dimethyl disulfide (dmds) metam-potassium metam-sodium paraquat s-metolachlor
Goosegrass (Eleusine indica)		Goosegrass is a summer annual grass that forms a low growing rosette with distinct white leaves at the base. Seeds germinate when soil temperatures reach around 60 to 65 degrees F. Goosegrass does not root at the nodes like crabgrass, but can grow successfully in nutritionally poor, compact soils. Proper cultural practices is essential for management of goosegrass near tomato crop production. Note: Goosegrass has a known resistance to some herbicides in South Carolina. Resistance to paraquat has been reported in Florida.	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin + metam-sodium dcpa dimethyl disulfide (dmds) metam-potassium metam-sodium metribuzin napropamide oxyfluorfen paraquat pendimethalin rimsulfuron s-metolachlor sethoxydim trifluralin	Scout fields regularly for weed invasions. Clean farming equipment after use in infested fields. Plant high quality cultivars (certified weed-free seeds).
Hairy galinsoga (Galinsoga quadriradiata)	High in some locations	Hairy galinsoga is a highly competitive annual weed that occurs throughout the southeast United States in agricultural field and disturbed areas. It can be a significant problem for growers by drastically reducing crop yields and can cause economic damage to crop systems. The stems are erect with coarse hairs on the stems and leaf margins with opposite leaves and toothed edges. Small composite flower heads are about a quarter of an inch wide. Hairy galinsoga can produce up to 7,500 seeds per plant and seeds can germinate within a 6-7 week time period. If left uncontrolled, galinsoga can spread rapidly and dominate an entire field quickly.	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin + metam-sodium dimethyl disulfide (dmds) halosulfuron-methyl metam-potassium metam-sodium metribuzin napropamide oxyfluorfen paraquat rimsulfuron s-metolachlor
Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense)		Horse nettle (also known as Carolina horsenettle) is an herbaceous perennial that belongs to the nightshade family (Solanaceae). It is native to North America, but can grow aggressively in pastures and fields. The plant emerges from rhizomes, can grow up to 2 feet in height, and has large spines on the stems and leaves and flowers that are borne in clusters with five white to purple petals. Horsenettle is difficult to control once established in the field.	carfentrazone-ethyl metribuzin paraquat pendimethalin rimsulfuron s-metolachlor trifluralin	Like most weeds, prevention is the primary component of control as horsenettle is difficult to control once estbalished in the field. Mowing can help weaken horsenettle roots making them vulnerable to herbicidal applications. Crop rotation and sanitation of field equipment.
Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)	Low	Johnsongrass is a perennial grass that is capable of rapidly colonizing a variety of different environments due to the large output of seeds and over wintering rhizomes produced by the plant. It is highly competitive, making them persistent in row crops where they can reduce quality and fruit yield. It emerges from rhizomes early summer and the plant can reach heights of 2 to 7 feet and flowers mid-summer with a coarse purple panicle. Prevention of this weed is preferred as it is less expensive and time-consuming to keep johnsongrass out of a field than to control johnsongrass once established. Efficacy of chemical control methods are reported for johnsongrass seedling (not mature plant). Note: Johnsongrass is known to carry-over in pastures with infestations of the weed that have been converted into cropland. This is of particular concern in Arkansas, Tennessee, and Kentucky.	clethodim dcpa imazosulfuron napropamide pendimethalin s-metolachlor sethoxydim trifluralin	To prevent infestation, purchase only certified weed-free seeds. To prevent spreading rhizomes, thoroughly clean field equipment (i.e. combines, tractors) after working in infested areas. Mechanical control methods for johnsongrass include plowing, hand-pulling, and mowing. Fall plowing (where appropriate) can expose johnsongrass rhizomes to killing temperatures. If fall plowing is not possible, plowing in the spring as soon as the soil is workable can help eradicate this weed.
Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)	High in some locations	Common lambsquarters is a highly competitive plant species that grows in disturbed soils throughout the southeast. It is an abundant broadleaf annual weed found in tomato row crops that can drastically reduce crop yield by competing for light, water and nutrients. The plant emerges in spring, propagates itself by seed in late summer/early fall, and seed production can range from 30,000 to 175,000 seeds/plant. Seeds on a single plant have a variety of different dormancy requirements and can remain viable for up to 30 years. The plant grows up to 150 cm tall with a strong taproot and can successfully colonize soils with a wide range of pH values. Lambsquarters can also harbor tomato spotted wilted virus (TSWV) transmitted from thrips that can potentially spread disease to tomato crops.	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin + metam-sodium dcpa dimethyl disulfide (dmds) halosulfuron-methyl metam-potassium metam-sodium metribuzin napropamide paraquat pendimethalin trifloxysulfuron-sodium trifluralin	Scout fields routinely to monitor for weeds Crop rotation and incorporation of cover crops can help with suppression of lambsquarters Rotary hoeing, row cultivating, or tilling Consider adjusting time of planting during peak periods of emergence
Large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis)		Large crabgrass is a common summer annual grass that is prevalent throughout the southeast and can be found in a variety of different habitats. Smooth crabgrass can often be confused with large crabgrass, but can be differentiated by examining the hairs on the stems and leaves on large crabgrass. The grassy weed is a prolific tiller and brancher, meaning a single plant can produce 100-700 tillers and roughly 150,000 seeds. Crabgrass germinates when soil conditions reach between 50-55 degrees F for four to five days in row. Prevention is the most effective and efficient way to control large crabgrass. It is very difficult to control large crabgrass in just one growing season due to the presence of numerous seeds per plant that add to the seed supply in the soil. If seed production is controlled, it will eventually diminish the seed supply in the soil.	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin + metam-sodium dcpa dimethyl disulfide (dmds) halosulfuron-methyl metam-potassium metam-sodium metribuzin napropamide oxyfluorfen paraquat pendimethalin rimsulfuron s-metolachlor sethoxydim trifluralin	Clean field equipment after use in infested fields. Smaller patches of crabgrass can be hand removed. Repeated tillage efforts can eradicate and prevent growth.
Morning-glory (Ipomoea spp.)	High	Morning-glory (pitted, tall, and ivyleaf variety) is an aggressive summer annual broadleaf vine with heart-shaped leaves and long stems that twine and climb. It prefers moist and rich soils, but can be found growing in an array of different soil types and self-seeds easily. It is critical to eliminate morning-glories at the seedling stage before they flower and produce seeds. Morning-glory can harbor tomato spotted wilt virus (TSMV) that thrips can transmit from weed to crop. The weed climbs up and across tomato plants which can reduce harvest efficiency. The reduced air circulation from the weed can also promote the development of fungal diseases. The ability of morning-glory to emerge throught the entire growing season makes it very difficult to manage. Planting cover crops to prevent the spread of this weed and chemical weed control applications are highly recommended. Note: Chemical controls differ in efficacy among the Ipomoea species.	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin + metam-sodium dimethyl disulfide (dmds) fomesafen halosulfuron-methyl metam-potassium metam-sodium metribuzin oxyfluorfen paraquat rimsulfuron trifloxysulfuron-sodium	Cover crops: Competition from a strong cover crop can eliminate the growth of morning-glory seeds from germination. Use certified weed-free seeds. Scout fields on a regular basis for weed control. Clean farming equipment after use in infested fields.
Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)	High in some locations	Palmer amaranth, also known as Palmer's pigweed, is an aggressive broadleaf annual that can reduce tomato crop yields and interfere with harvest due to its highly competitive nature. It may be the most aggressive amaranth species due to its rapid growth rate, adaptibility, and its resistance to glyphosate and ALS-inhibitors. A combination of cultural practices with herbicidal treatment programs is highly recommended for palmer amaranth management. Resistance is known to occur in Palmer amaranth to MOA 14: Reflex (fomesafen) and Chateau (flumioxazin).	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin + metam-sodium dimethyl disulfide (dmds) fomesafen metam-potassium metam-sodium metribuzin pendimethalin rimsulfuron s-metolachlor trifluralin	Hand-weeding can be beneficial in infestations near tomato crops. It is important to note that weeds should be pulled out of the field and either composted or burned. Plants that are laid on bare soil have the potential to reroot and grow. Planting a cereal rye cover crop in combination with deep tillage can help suppress palmer amaranth emergence. Deep tillage techniques (moldboard plow) can suppress palmer amaranth populations by burying amaranth seeds belows its preferred emergence depth.
Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum)	Low	Pennsylvania smartweed is a native summer annual that emerges in spring and sets seedin late summer/fall. Smartweed can cause problems in tomato crops since they can tolerate a range of soil types and conditions and compete for available nutrients. Some features that make this species tough to control are the slender stems and small leaves that reduce surface area for herbicidal application. Preemergence weed control includes metribuzin that can be applied to soil surface 2 to 4 inches deep before transplanting.	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin + metam-sodium dimethyl disulfide (dmds) fomesafen halosulfuron-methyl metam-potassium metam-sodium metribuzin paraquat s-metolachlor trifluralin	Scout fields regularly for weed infestations. Remove young plants before flowers form.
Primrose, cutleaf evening (Oenothera laciniata)		Cutleaf evening primrose is an herbaceous boadleaf weed that is found throughout much of eastern North America. The species prefers well-drained soils, but also grows successfully in disturbed areas such as roadsides, pastures, or cultivated fields. The plant forms a basal rosette and extends hairy stems three to six feet in length (creeping along the ground). Flowers may be yellow or red and are borne on the tips of the extended stems. Flowering typically occurs all year long in southern Florida and from late spring through early fall in northern regions. Flowers tend to open in lower light and closes within 24 hours of strong sunlight.	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin + metam-sodium dimethyl disulfide (dmds) metam-potassium metam-sodium oxyfluorfen paraquat	Scout fields on a regular basis for weed control. Clean farming equipment after use in infested fields.
Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus)	High	Purple nutsedge is a very aggressive perennial weed that can seriously impact crops (vegetable, row, and plantation) in the southeastern United States. It is highly competitive and can outcompete crops for available sun, water, and nutrients. Nutsedge is a major nuisance and an intensive treatment control program of cultural and chemical controls should be implemented as soon as the weed is present. Purple nutsedge has an extensive underground root system that consists of root bulbs, rhizomes, and tubers. Floral parts of the plant are purple-ish to red-brown borne on the top of the stem, typically towering above the stems in an umbel of spikes. Tubers can remain dormant in the soil for up to 10 years. Tuber dormancy is typically broken by high temperatures of 90-100 degrees F and diurnal fluctuations. Nutsedge is shade intolerant and can be suppressed by a closed canopy, though the tubers will still remain viable. Note: Many herbicidal products are available for sedge control, but proper use and timing of application is critical to optimize control. Applying herbicides prior to tuber production is preferred. Implementing a sedge control program early in the season and continuing it for more than a year (to reduce tuber populations) will help prevent and eradicate the spread of this weed.	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin + metam-sodium dimethyl disulfide (dmds) imazosulfuron metam-potassium metam-sodium paraquat trifloxysulfuron-sodium	Successful nutsedge control efforts will likely include several combined management practices to break up tuber chains. Manage soil nutrients and moisture to favor crop growth over nutsedge. Hand-weeding and tillage can help break up stems and tubers of the perennial, however, it should be followed by additional weedings every two weeks when new shoots have regenerated. This method method can be labor intensive and has the potential to degrade soil quality. Practice strict santitation techniques when using field equipment in infested fields. Competitive cover crops and rotation of fall vegetable crops with repeated tillage and flaming can provide control. Grazing animals, such as poultry and swine, can safely consume tubers and can be implemented in the control program to eradicate populations of nutsedge if they are an actively-foraging breed. This practice is typically repeated to eradicate persistent tuber growth. Note: Covering nutsedge with translucent plastic film in high temperatures (in order to suffocate weed) is not suggested for management in the southeastern United States as it does not adequately produce high enough temperatures to eradicate the weed. In fact, it can stimulate more tuber emergence from the soil.
Pusley (Richardia scabra)		Florida pusley is an herbaceous annual that is often found in disturbed areas, roadsides, pastures, and cultivated fields. The plant grows prostrately (low to the ground; up to 30 inches in height) with hairy stems, thick fleshy leaves, and forms a cluster of small white flowers. Florida pusley is very persistent in agricultural fields due to its ability to flower and quickly produce seeds. Control of this weed requires persistence, and like all other weeds, it is easier to control when prevented. Infestations of Florida pusley can also be an indicator of nematodes present in the soil.	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate carfentrazone-ethyl chloropicrin + metam-sodium dimethyl disulfide (dmds) metam-potassium metam-sodium paraquat pendimethalin	Manually remove seeds from plant before dispersal event. Plant cover crops to discourage weeds. Scout fields regularly for weed control.
Ragweed –common (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)	Low	Common ragweed is a native broadleaf summer annual that is prevalent in crop production areas. It is highly competitive, can grow up to 6 feet tall and produces an abundance of pollen, which is the primary cause of hay fever. Ragweed seeds generally germinate near the soil surface. High densities of ragweed can reduce crop yields significantly and deposit an abundance of seeds into the soil seed bank. Ragweed can serve as a host to the fungal pathogen known as Verticillium, which has the potential to spread and infect tomato crops nearby. If ragweed densities are high, an intensive management plan of cultural practice in conjunction with pre and postemergent herbicides can help reduce populations in a production area. Note: Depending on land management history and region, certain biotypes of ragweed have shown ALS-inhibitor resistance.	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate carfentrazone-ethyl chloropicrin + metam-sodium dimethyl disulfide (dmds) fomesafen halosulfuron-methyl metam-potassium metam-sodium metribuzin oxyfluorfen paraquat s-metolachlor trifluralin	Scout fields regularly for weed control Tillage in the spring (after emergence) can help reduce common ragweed infestations Crop rotation can help with weed suppression
Ragweed parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus)		Ragweed parthenium (also known as feverfew, carrot weed, etc.) is an herbaceous annual in the aster family (Asteraceae) that can grow up to 6 feet in height. It is native to Mexico and South America and is quickly becoming a troublesome invasive weed in the southeast United States (rapidly growing problem in Florida). The plant forms a basal rosette, lobed leaves, and small white ray florets are borne on the stem tips. The plant is drought-tolerant and can grow in a variety of different soil types, temperature conditions, and moisture levels. Parthenium is not sensitive to photoperiod or thermoperiod and can flower year-round if conditions are favorable. Germination tends to occur in high soil moisture types but can successfully germinate over a wide range of soil pHs and temperatures. The plant is also highly competitive and can outcompete C4 grasses in pastureland and is allelopathic in nature (produces chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plant species) through pollen that can inhibit fruit set in tomatoes, beans, eggplant, etc. Pathenium is also reported to have some resistance to herbicides in Florida.	allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin + metam-sodium dimethyl disulfide (dmds) halosulfuron-methyl metam-potassium metam-sodium metribuzin paraquat	Use only certified weed-free seeds to prevent weed introduction. Hand-weeding can be beneficial if done before seed heads develop. Mowing can help cut plants down to ground level. Sanitize equipment to prevent spread of seeds. Apply mulch to control weed population.
Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)	High	Yellow nutsedge is a perennial sedge that reproduces by small underground tubers (called nutlets) found at the end of rhizomes. A single plant can produce several hundred of these tubers during one growing season. Yellow nutsedge produces a seedhead, but its seeds rarely germinate. It actively grows during the heat of summer until the first frost in autumn. Frost will kill the plants aboveground organs while the tubers will survive and overwinter in the soil until the next growing season and can survive in the soil for more than three years. In commercial tomato crops, yellow nutsedge can limit fruit production. Late spring/early summer is the ideal time to control yellow nutsedge because it has not yet started producing tubers, making it easier to control with herbicidal applications. Note: Many herbicidal products are available for sedge control, but proper use and timing of application is critical to optimize control. Applying herbicides prior to tuber production is preferred. Implementing a sedge control program early in the season and continuing it for more than a year (to reduce tuber populations) will help prevent and eradicate the spread of this weed. Note: Fumigants work better than chemical controls, but some stimulate yellow nutsedge growth.	1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin + metam-sodium dimethyl disulfide (dmds) fomesafen halosulfuron-methyl imazosulfuron metam-potassium metam-sodium metribuzin paraquat s-metolachlor trifloxysulfuron-sodium	Plant cover crops to increase competition against weeds Hand pulling can be effective in low densities, but will not remove the tubers from the soil Field and harvest equipment should be thoroughly cleaned if exposed to infested fields Follow soil recommendations from soil tests Crop rotations recommended

Nematodes

Nematodes are microscopic round worms that inhabit the soil and those that infect the roots of plants are known as plant parasitic nematodes. At least three species of Meloidogyne nematodes are capable of causing root- knot on tomato. Even though root knot nematodes occur in all production regions in North Carolina, it is most severs in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont. Disease is favorable in sandy soils during drought.

Pest	Rank	Description	Symptoms	Chemical Control	Biological Control	Physical Control	Cultural Control
Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.)	High	For root-knot nematodes, the young larval stages infect the root and establish permanent feeding sites within the root where they eventually molt into an adult. Females can produce up to 2,000 eggs that turn into larvae and begin the infection cycle within 4 to 8 weeks. Nematodes can cause severe yield loss of greater than 50% where conditions are favorable for disease.	Stunting, wilting, yellowing Nodules on roots	1,3-dichloropropene allyl isothiocyanate chloropicrin chloropicrin + metam-sodium dimethyl disulfide (dmds) metam-sodium	MeloCon WG (Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251)		The following management practices should be followed to reduce crop losses due to nematodes: Practice crop rotation with non host plants (i.e. corn, grasses. Plow out and expose roots immediately after the last harvest. Plow or sick the fiels two to hour times before planting. Use nematode-free planting material. Sample soil and have it assayed for nematodes, preferably in the fall.

Pest

Rank

Description

Symptoms

Chemical Control

Biological Control

Physical Control

Cultural Control

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.)

High

For root-knot nematodes, the young larval stages infect the root and establish permanent feeding sites within the root where they eventually molt into an adult. Females can produce up to 2,000 eggs that turn into larvae and begin the infection cycle within 4 to 8 weeks. Nematodes can cause severe yield loss of greater than 50% where conditions are favorable for disease.

Stunting, wilting, yellowing
Nodules on roots

1,3-dichloropropene
allyl isothiocyanate
chloropicrin
chloropicrin + metam-sodium
dimethyl disulfide (dmds)
metam-sodium

MeloCon WG (Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251)

The following management practices should be followed to reduce crop losses due to nematodes:

Practice crop rotation with non host plants (i.e. corn, grasses.
Plow out and expose roots immediately after the last harvest.
Plow or sick the fiels two to hour times before planting.
Use nematode-free planting material.
Sample soil and have it assayed for nematodes, preferably in the fall.

Mites

Pest	Rank	Description	Symptoms	Chemical Control	Biological Control	Physical Control	Cultural Control
Spider mites (Tetranychus spp.)	High	Spider mites have become an increasingly important problem on tomatoes and other vegetables. Two-spotted spider mite, T. urticae, is most common, but the carmine mite, (T. cinnabarinus) and broad mite can also cause damage. Spider mites overwinter on weeds surrounding fields and certain winter crops, such as strawberry, and migrate to tomatoes when overwintering hosts senesce or are destroyed in the spring. Transplant material also may be a source for mites. Mites indirectly damage tomatoes by feeding on foliage, reducing the rate of photosynthesis, and thus, reducing overall yields. Feeding on fruit is also suspected of contributing to gold fleck. Populations build to high densities under hot and dry conditions. Localized infestations can be spot treated, but thorough coverage of foliage is important. Note that certain pesticides, such as pyrethroids and some neonictinoids, aggravate mite populations and can lead to high mite densities. Insecticide resistant populations may occur. Early detection of mites is critical for control.	Leaf spots Gold fleck	abamectin acequinocyl bifenazate cyflumetofen fenpyroximate spiromesifen	Horticultural oils (rosemary, citrus) work well to suppress low mite populations, but can cause phytotoxicity. Paraffinic oil, Neem oil, Sulfur dust or spray Grandevo Natural enemies: Neoseiulus (=Amblyseius) californicus, Neoseiulus (=Amblyseius) fallacis, and Phytoseiulus persimilis [predatory mites] Do not use pyrethrin		Plant and harvest timely. provide irrigation, and plant tolerant varieties. Problem can be more severe during droughts. Remove weeds and trash which can harbor insects from fields and field borders.

Pest

Rank

Description

Symptoms

Chemical Control

Biological Control

Physical Control

Cultural Control

Spider mites (Tetranychus spp.)

High

Spider mites have become an increasingly important problem on tomatoes and other vegetables. Two-spotted spider mite, T. urticae, is most common, but the carmine mite, (T. cinnabarinus) and broad mite can also cause damage. Spider mites overwinter on weeds surrounding fields and certain winter crops, such as strawberry, and migrate to tomatoes when overwintering hosts senesce or are destroyed in the spring. Transplant material also may be a source for mites. Mites indirectly damage tomatoes by feeding on foliage, reducing the rate of photosynthesis, and thus, reducing overall yields. Feeding on fruit is also suspected of contributing to gold fleck. Populations build to high densities under hot and dry conditions. Localized infestations can be spot treated, but thorough coverage of foliage is important. Note that certain pesticides, such as pyrethroids and some neonictinoids, aggravate mite populations and can lead to high mite densities. Insecticide resistant populations may occur. Early detection of mites is critical for control.

Leaf spots
Gold fleck

abamectin
acequinocyl
bifenazate
cyflumetofen
fenpyroximate
spiromesifen

Horticultural oils (rosemary, citrus) work well to suppress low mite populations, but can cause phytotoxicity.

Paraffinic oil, Neem oil, Sulfur dust or spray

Grandevo

Natural enemies: Neoseiulus (=Amblyseius) californicus, Neoseiulus (=Amblyseius) fallacis, and Phytoseiulus persimilis [predatory mites]

Do not use pyrethrin

Plant and harvest timely. provide irrigation, and plant tolerant varieties.

Problem can be more severe during droughts.

Remove weeds and trash which can harbor insects from fields and field borders.

Chemical Controls

Fumigant

Active Ingredient	CAS	PC	Pests
1,3-dichloropropene	542-75-6	29001	Fusarium wilt, Root-knot nematode, Sclerotinia timber rot, Verticillium wilt
1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	29001 + 81501	Broadleaf signalgrass, Common cocklebur, Common purslane, Corn spurry, Cudweed, Eastern black nightshade, Eclipta, Florida beggarweed, Fusarium wilt, Goosegrass, Hairy galinsoga, Lambsquarters, Large crabgrass, Morning-glory, Palmer amaranth, Pennsylvania smartweed, Primrose, cutleaf evening, Purple nutsedge, Pusley, Ragweed –common, Yellow nutsedge
allyl isothiocyanate	57-06-7	4901	Broadleaf signalgrass, Common cocklebur, Common purslane, Corn spurry, Eastern black nightshade, Eclipta, Florida beggarweed, Fusarium wilt, Goosegrass, Hairy galinsoga, Lambsquarters, Large crabgrass, Morning-glory, Palmer amaranth, Pennsylvania smartweed, Primrose, cutleaf evening, Purple nutsedge, Pusley, Ragweed –common, Ragweed parthenium, Root-knot nematode, Sclerotinia timber rot, Southern stem rot, Verticillium wilt, Yellow nutsedge
chloropicrin + metam-sodium	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	81501 + 39003	Broadleaf signalgrass, Common cocklebur, Common purslane, Corn earworm, Corn spurry, Eastern black nightshade, Eclipta, Florida beggarweed, Fusarium wilt, Goosegrass, Hairy galinsoga, Lambsquarters, Large crabgrass, Morning-glory, Palmer amaranth, Pennsylvania smartweed, Primrose, cutleaf evening, Purple nutsedge, Pusley, Ragweed –common, Ragweed parthenium, Root-knot nematode, Sclerotinia timber rot, Southern stem rot, Verticillium wilt, Yellow nutsedge
dimethyl disulfide (dmds)	624-92-0	29088	Broadleaf signalgrass, Common cocklebur, Common purslane, Corn spurry, Eastern black nightshade, Eclipta, Florida beggarweed, Goosegrass, Hairy galinsoga, Lambsquarters, Large crabgrass, Morning-glory, Palmer amaranth, Pennsylvania smartweed, Primrose, cutleaf evening, Purple nutsedge, Pusley, Ragweed –common, Ragweed parthenium, Root-knot nematode, Yellow nutsedge
metam-potassium	137-41-7	39002	Broadleaf signalgrass, Common cocklebur, Common purslane, Corn spurry, Eastern black nightshade, Eclipta, Florida beggarweed, Goosegrass, Hairy galinsoga, Lambsquarters, Large crabgrass, Morning-glory, Palmer amaranth, Pennsylvania smartweed, Primrose, cutleaf evening, Purple nutsedge, Pusley, Ragweed –common, Ragweed parthenium, Yellow nutsedge

Fungicide

Active Ingredient	Brands	CAS	PC	Pests	REI (hrs)	PHI (days)	FRAC
acibenzolar-s-methyl	Actigard 50wg Plant Activator	135158-54-	61402	Bacterial canker, Bacterial speck, Bacterial spot	12	14	21
allyl isosulfocyanate	Actigard 50wg Plant Activator	57-06-7	4901
ametoctradin + dimethomorph		865318-97-4 + 110488-70-5	119210 + 268800	Late blight	12	4	40+11
azoxystrobin	Quadris Opti Quadris S Quadris Top Fungicide Satori Fungicide	131860-33-	128810	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Anthracnose, Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight, Late blight, Phytophthora blight, Septoria leaf spot	4	0	11
azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil	Quadris Opti	131860-33-8 + 1897-45-6	128810 + 81901	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Anthracnose, Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight, Late blight, Phytophthora blight, Septoria leaf spot	12	0	11+M5
azoxystrobin + difenoconazole	Quadris Top Fungicide	131860-33-8 + 119446-68-3	128810 + 128847	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Anthracnose, Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight, Gray leaf spot, Leaf mold, Septoria leaf spot	12	0	11+3
bacillus mycoides isolate j	Bmj Wg	Unknown	6516	Bacterial speck, Bacterial spot	4	0
bacteriophage (from selected pseudomonas species)	Agriphage	Unknown	6431	Bacterial speck, Bacterial spot	0	0	NG
boscalid	Endura Fungicide	188425-85-	128008	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight, Gray mold	12	0	7
chloropicrin		76-06-2	81501	Fusarium wilt, Root-knot nematode, Verticillium wilt
chlorothalonil	Chlorothalonil Flowable 720 Chlorothalonil Technical Ridomil Gold Bravo Transferred To: 66222-276	1897-45-6	81901	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Anthracnose, Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight, Gray leaf spot, Gray mold, Late blight, Late blight, Septoria leaf spot	12	0	M5
chlorothalonil + cymoxanil		1897-45-6 + 57966-95-7	81901 + 129106	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Anthracnose, Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight, Gray mold, Late blight, Septoria leaf spot	12	3	M5 + 27
chlorothalonil + mefenoxam	Ridomil Gold Bravo	1897-45-6 + 70630-17-0	81901 + 113502	Late blight	48	14	4+M5
copper hydroxide	Ridomil Gold Bravo	20427-59-2	23401
copper octanoate	Ridomil Gold Bravo	20543-04-8	23306
cyazofamid	Ranman 400sc	120116-88-	85651	Late blight	12	0	21
cymoxanil	Curzate 60df	57966-95-7	129106	Late blight	12	3	27
cyprodinil + difenoconazole	Inspire Super	121552-61-2 + 119446-68-3	288202 + 128847	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Anthracnose, Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight, Gray leaf spot, Gray mold, Leaf mold, Septoria leaf spot	12	0	3+9
cyprodinil + fludioxonil	Switch 62.5wg	121552-61-2 + 131341-86-1	288202 + 71503	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Early blight	12	0	9 + 12
dicloran	Switch 62.5wg	99-30-9	31301		0		14
difenoconazole + benzovindiflupyr	Aprovia Top Fungicide	119446-68-3 + 1072957-71-1	128847 + 122305	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Anthracnose, Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight, Leaf mold, Septoria leaf spot, Southern stem rot	12	0	3+7
difenoconazole + mandipropamide	Revus Top	119446-68-3 + 374726-62-2	128847 + 36602	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Anthracnose, Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight, Gray leaf spot, Late blight, Septoria leaf spot	12	1	40+3
dimethomorph	Acrobat 50wp Fungicide Forum Fungicide	110488-70-	268800	Late blight, Late blight	12	4	40
famoxadone + cymoxanil	Dupont Tanos	131807-57-3 + 57966-95-7	113202 + 129106	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Anthracnose, Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight, Leaf mold, Phytophthora blight	12	3	11+27
fenamidone	Reason 500 Sc Fungicide	161326-34-	46679	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Early blight, Late blight	4	14	11
fixed copper			0	Anthracnose, Bacterial canker, Bacterial speck, Bacterial spot		1	M
fixed copper + mancozeb	Mankocide Fungicide/Bactericide	8018-01-7	14504	Bacterial spot, Gray leaf spot	48	5	M3+M1
fixed copper + mefenoxam	Ridomil Gold Bravo	70630-17-0	113502	Phytophthora blight	48	14	4+M1
fludioxonil	Scholar Sc Fungicide	131341-86-	71503	Gray mold			12
fluopicolide		239110-15-	27412	Late blight	12	2	43
fluopyram + pyrimethanil	Luna Tranquility	658066-35-4 + 53112-28-0	80302 + 288201	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight, Gray leaf spot, Septoria leaf spot	12	1	7+9
fluopyram + trifloxystrobin	Luna Sensation	658066-35-4 + 141517-21-7	80302 + 129112	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Anthracnose, Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight, Gray leaf spot, Gray mold, Leaf mold, Septoria leaf spot	12	3	7+11
fluoxastrobin	Evito T Fungicide Fluoxastrobin 480 Sc Fungicide	361377-29-	28869	Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight, Late blight, Septoria leaf spot, Southern stem rot	12	3	11
flutriafol		76674-21-0	128940	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Anthracnose, Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight	12	0	3
fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin	Priaxor Xemium Brand Fungicide	907204-31-3 + 175013-18-0	138009 + 99100	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Anthracnose, Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight, Gray mold, Late blight, Sclerotinia timber rot, Septoria leaf spot, Southern stem rot	12	0	7+11
mancozeb	Rockland Mancozeb Fungicide	8018-01-7	14504	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Anthracnose, Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight, Gray leaf spot, Late blight, Late blight, Leaf mold, Septoria leaf spot	24	5	M3
mancozeb + copper hydroxide		8018-01-7 + 20427-59-2	14504 + 23401	Bacterial speck	24	5	M3+M1
mancozeb + mefenoxam	Ridomil Gold Mz	8018-01-7 + 70630-17-0	14504 + 113502	Late blight	48	5	4+M3
mancozeb + zoxamide	Gavel 75 Df	8018-01-7 + 156052-68-5	14504 + 101702	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight, Gray leaf spot, Late blight, Leaf mold, Phytophthora blight, Septoria leaf spot	48	5	M3+22
mandipropamide technical	Gavel 75 Df	374726-62-	36602
mono- and di- potassium salts of phosphorous acid	Agri-Fos Systemic Fungicide	13977-65-6	76416	Late blight	4		33
oxathiapiprolin + chlorothalonil	Transferred To: 66222-276	1003318-67-9 + 1897-45-6	128111 + 81901	Late blight, Phytophthora blight	12	0	U15+M5
oxathiapiprolin + mandipropamide	Transferred To: 66222-276	1003318-67-9 + 374726-62-2	128111 + 36602	Late blight, Phytophthora blight	4	1	U15+40
pcnb (= pentachloronitrobenzene)		2593-15-9	56502	Southern stem rot	12		14
penthiopyrad	Dupont Fontelis Fungicide	183675-82-	90112	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Anthracnose, Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight, Gray mold, Septoria leaf spot, Southern stem rot	12	0	7
polyoxin d zinc salt		146659-78-	230000	Early blight, Early blight, Late blight, Leaf mold, Septoria leaf spot, Septoria leaf spot	4	0	19
potassium phosphite			0
propamocarb	Previcur	24579-73-5	119301	Late blight	12	5	28
propamocarb hydrochloride	Previcur	25606-41-1	119302
pyraclostrobin	Cabrio Eg Fungicide	175013-18-	99100	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Anthracnose, Corynespora leaf spot, Early blight, Gray mold, Late blight, Sclerotinia timber rot, Septoria leaf spot, Southern stem rot	12	0	11
pyrimethanil	Scala Brand Sc Fungicide	53112-28-0	288201	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Early blight, Gray mold	12	1	9
quinoxyfen	Scala Brand Sc Fungicide	878790-59-	55459		12	3	13
reynoutria sachalinensis	Regalia Bioprotectant Concentrate	Unknown	55809	Bacterial speck	4	0	P5
sodium hypochlorite		7681-52-9	14703	Bacterial canker	0		NC
streptomycin sulfate (1:3)	Agri-Mycin 17	3810-74-0	6310	Bacterial speck, Bacterial spot	0		25
trifloxystrobin	Drexel Ziram 76 Flint Fungicide Gem Gem 500 Sc Fungicide Gem Rc Fungicide	141517-21-	129112	, Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Anthracnose, Early blight, Early blight, Gray leaf spot, Late blight	12	3	11
zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate	Ziram 76df Fungicide	155-04-4	34805	Alternaria black molds / stem cankers, Early blight	48	7	M3
zoxamide + chlorothalonil		156052-68-5 + 1897-45-6	101702 + 81901	Early blight, Late blight, Septoria leaf spot	12	5	22+M5

Herbicide

Active Ingredient	Brands	CAS	PC	Pests	REI (hrs)	PHI (days)	HRAC
carfentrazone-ethyl	Aim Ec Aim Ew Aim Herbicide	128639-02-	128712	Corn spurry, Eastern black nightshade, Eclipta, Horsenettle, Pusley, Ragweed –common	NA	0	14
clethodim	Arrow 2ec Clethodim 2ec Intensity One Post Emergence Grass Herbicide Intensity Post-Emergence Grass Herbicide	99129-21-2	121011	Broadleaf signalgrass, Eclipta, Johnsongrass	NA	20	1
dcpa	Dacthal Flowable Herbicide Dacthal W-75 Dacthal W-75 Herbicide	1861-32-1	78701	Broadleaf signalgrass, Common purslane, Eclipta, Goosegrass, Johnsongrass, Lambsquarters, Large crabgrass	NA	0	3
fomesafen	Reflex Reflex Herbicide	72178-02-0	123803	Common purslane, Eclipta, Morning-glory, Palmer amaranth, Pennsylvania smartweed, Ragweed –common, Yellow nutsedge	NA	0	14
halosulfuron-methyl	Sandea Herbicide	100784-20-	128721	Common cocklebur, Eclipta, Hairy galinsoga, Lambsquarters, Large crabgrass, Morning-glory, Pennsylvania smartweed, Ragweed –common, Ragweed parthenium, Yellow nutsedge	NA	30	2
imazosulfuron		122548-33-	118602	Common cocklebur, Eclipta, Johnsongrass, Purple nutsedge, Yellow nutsedge	NA	21	2
metribuzin	Metribuzin 75	21087-64-9	101101	Broadleaf signalgrass, Canada thistle, Common cocklebur, Common purslane, Curly dock, Eastern black nightshade, Eclipta, Goosegrass, Hairy galinsoga, Horsenettle, Lambsquarters, Large crabgrass, Morning-glory, Palmer amaranth, Pennsylvania smartweed, Ragweed –common, Ragweed parthenium, Yellow nutsedge	NA	0	5
napropamide	Devrinol 2-Ec Selective Herbicide Devrinol 50-Df Ornamental Selective Herbicide	15299-99-7	103001	Broadleaf signalgrass, Common purslane, Corn spurry, Eclipta, Goosegrass, Hairy galinsoga, Johnsongrass, Lambsquarters, Large crabgrass	NA	0	15
oxyfluorfen	Goal 2xl Herbicide Goaltender	42874-03-3	111601	Broadleaf signalgrass, Common cocklebur, Common purslane, Curly dock, Eclipta, Goosegrass, Hairy galinsoga, Large crabgrass, Morning-glory, Primrose, cutleaf evening, Ragweed –common	NA	0	14
paraquat	Gramoxone Paraquat Herbicide Gramoxone Sl 2.0 Paraquat Sl Herbicide Parazone 3sl	4685-14-7	61603	Broadleaf signalgrass, Canada thistle, Common cocklebur, Corn spurry, Cudweed, Curly dock, Eastern black nightshade, Florida beggarweed, Goosegrass, Hairy galinsoga, Horsenettle, Lambsquarters, Large crabgrass, Morning-glory, Pennsylvania smartweed, Primrose, cutleaf evening, Purple nutsedge, Pusley, Ragweed –common, Ragweed parthenium, Yellow nutsedge	NA	0	22
pendimethalin	Prowl H2o Herbicide Prowl Herbicide	40487-42-1	108501	Broadleaf signalgrass, Canada thistle, Common purslane, Corn spurry, Curly dock, Eastern black nightshade, Goosegrass, Horsenettle, Johnsongrass, Lambsquarters, Large crabgrass, Palmer amaranth, Pusley	NA	21	3
peroxyacetic acid	Prowl H2o Herbicide Prowl Herbicide	7722-84-1	63201
rimsulfuron	Dupont Matrix Herbicide Pruvin Herbicide	122931-48-	129009	Canada thistle, Common purslane, Curly dock, Eastern black nightshade, Eclipta, Goosegrass, Hairy galinsoga, Horsenettle, Large crabgrass, Morning-glory, Palmer amaranth	NA	0	2
s-metolachlor	Dual Magnum Herbicide	87392-12-9	108800	Broadleaf signalgrass, Common purslane, Curly dock, Eastern black nightshade, Eclipta, Florida beggarweed, Goosegrass, Hairy galinsoga, Horsenettle, Johnsongrass, Large crabgrass, Palmer amaranth, Pennsylvania smartweed, Ragweed –common, Yellow nutsedge	NA	90	15
sethoxydim	Poast Herbicide	74051-80-2	121001	Broadleaf signalgrass, Goosegrass, Johnsongrass, Large crabgrass	NA	20	1
trifloxysulfuron-sodium	Envoke Herbicide	290332-10-	119009	Common cocklebur, Lambsquarters, Morning-glory, Purple nutsedge, Yellow nutsedge	NA	0	2
trifluralin	Aceto Trifluralin 4 Ec Herbicide Treflan E.C. Treflan Ec Treflan Hfp Trifluralin 4 E.C. Trifluralin 4 E.C. Herbicide Trifluralin 4ec Trifluralin 4ec Herbicide Trifluralin Hfp	1582-09-8	36101	Broadleaf signalgrass, Canada thistle, Common purslane, Corn spurry, Curly dock, Eastern black nightshade, Eclipta, Goosegrass, Horsenettle, Johnsongrass, Lambsquarters, Large crabgrass, Palmer amaranth, Pennsylvania smartweed, Ragweed –common	NA	0	3

Insecticide

Active Ingredient	Brands	CAS	PC	Pests	REI (hrs)	PHI (days)	IRAC
acetamiprid	Assail 30 Sg Insecticide	135410-20-	99050	Aphids, Colorado potato beetle, Potato flea beetle, Whiteflies	12	7	4A
bacillus thuringiensis (bt)	Crymax Dipel (Bacillus Thuringiensis) Wettable Powder Dipel Df Biological Insecticide Dry Flowable Xentari As Biological Insecticide		0	Armyworms, Cabbage looper, Corn earworm, Hornworm, Tomato pinworm	4	0	11A
bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki		68038-71-1	6402	Bacterial speck
buprofezin		69327-76-0	275100	Whiteflies	12	1	16
chlorantraniliprole	Dupont Coragen Insect Control	500008-45-	90100	Armyworms, Cabbage looper, Colorado potato beetle, Corn earworm, Hornworm, Tomato leafminer, Tomato pinworm, Whiteflies	4	1	28
clothianidin		210880-92-	44309	Aphids, Potato flea beetle	12	7	4A
cyantraniliprole	Dupont Exirel Insect Cont Ol Dupont Verimark Insect Cont	937279-54-	90098	Aphids, Armyworms, Cabbage looper, Colorado potato beetle, Corn earworm, Hornworm, Potato flea beetle, Thrips, Tomato pinworm, Whiteflies	4	1	28
cyromazine	Dupont Exirel Insect Cont Ol Dupont Verimark Insect Cont	66215-27-8	121301		12	0	17
diazinon	Dupont Exirel Insect Cont Ol Dupont Verimark Insect Cont	59928-80-2	57801		48	0	1B
dimethoate	Dimethoate 4 E.C. Dimethogon 2e	60-51-5	35001	Aphids, Potato flea beetle, Thrips	48	7	1B
dinotefuran	Scorpion 35sl Insecticide	165252-70-	44312	Stinkbugs, Thrips, Whiteflies	12	1	4A
emamectin benzoate	Proclaim Insecticide	155569-91-	122806	Armyworms, Cabbage looper, Corn earworm, Hornworm, Tomato pinworm	12	7	6
flonicamid	Beleaf 50sg Insecticide	158062-67-	128016	Aphids	12	0	20D
flupyradifurone		951659-40-	122304	Aphids, Whiteflies	4	1	4D
imidacloprid	Admire 2 Flowable Insecticide	138261-41-	129099	Aphids, Colorado potato beetle, Potato flea beetle, Whiteflies	12	21	4A
indoxacarb	Dupont Avaunt Insecticide	173584-44-	67710	Armyworms, Cabbage looper, Corn earworm, Hornworm, Tomato pinworm	12	3	22
methomyl	Dupont Lannate Lv Insecticide	27519-02-4	90301	Cabbage looper, Corn earworm, Hornworm, Thrips, Tomato pinworm	48	1	1A
methoxyfenozide	Intrepid 2f Insecticide Transferred To: 39967-81	161050-58-	121027	Armyworms, Cabbage looper, Corn earworm, Tomato pinworm	4	1	18
novaluron	Rimon 0.83ec Insecticide Sporicidin (Brand) Disinfectant Solution (Spray)	116714-46-	124002	Armyworms, Cabbage looper, Corn earworm, Hornworm, Thrips, Tomato pinworm	12	1	15
pymetrozine	Fulfill Insecticide	123312-89-	101103	Aphids	12	0	9B
pyrethroid		68648-44-2	69007	Cabbage looper, Hornworm, Stinkbugs
pyriproxyfen	Knack Insect Growth Regulator	95737-68-1	129032	Whiteflies	12	1	7C
spinetoram (amixture of spinetoram-j and spinetoram-l)	Radiant Sc Insecticide	935545-74-	110007	Armyworms, Cabbage looper, Colorado potato beetle, Corn earworm, Hornworm, Thrips, Tomato pinworm	4	1	5
spinetoram (minor component (4-methyl))	Radiant Sc Insecticide	187166-15-	110009	Tomato leafminer
spiromesifen	Oberon 2sc Insecticide/Miticide	283594-90-	24875	Spider mites, Whiteflies	12	7	23
spirotetramat	Movento		0	Aphids, Potato flea beetle, Whiteflies	24	1	23
thiamethoxam	Actara Insecticide Platinum 75 Sg Insecticide Platinum Insecticide	153719-23-	60109	Aphids, Colorado potato beetle, Potato flea beetle, Stinkbugs, Whiteflies	12	0	4A

Miticide

Active Ingredient	Brands	CAS	PC	Pests	REI (hrs)	PHI (days)	RAC
acequinocyl	Kanemite 15 Sc Miticide	57960-19-7	6329	Spider mites	12	1	20B
bifenazate	Acramite-50ws	149877-41-	586	Spider mites	12	3	20D
cyflumetofen		400882-07-	138831	Spider mites	12	3	25
fenpyroximate		134098-61-	129131	Spider mites	12	3	21

Nematicide

Active Ingredient	Description	Brands	CAS	PC	Pests	REI (hrs)	PHI (days)	RAC
abamectin		Agri-Mek 0.15 Ec Miticide/Insecticide Agri-Mek Sc Miticide/Insecticide	71751-41-2	122804	Spider mites, Thrips, Tomato leafminer	12	7	6
metam-sodium		Vapam Soil Fumigant	137-42-8	39003	Broadleaf signalgrass, Common cocklebur, Common purslane, Corn spurry, Eastern black nightshade, Eclipta, Florida beggarweed, Goosegrass, Hairy galinsoga, Lambsquarters, Large crabgrass, Morning-glory, Palmer amaranth, Pennsylvania smartweed, Primrose, cutleaf evening, Purple nutsedge, Pusley, Ragweed –common, Ragweed parthenium, Root-knot nematode, Yellow nutsedge

Efficacy

Insects

Pest	Active Ingredient	PC Code	CAS	Rating	Description/Comments/Resistance Issues
Aphids	Acetamiprid	99050	135410-20-7	Excellent, 90-100%	Do not apply more than once every 7 days, and do not exceed 5 applications per season.
Aphids	Clothianidin	44309	210880-92-5	Good, 80-90%	(soil) 4.8 to 6.4 oz/A (foliar) 1.6 to 2.1 oz/A Soil applications at planting only
Aphids	Cyantraniliprole	90098	937279-54-4	Good, 80-90%	Soil applications at planting will control aphids and flea beetes. See label for application options.
Aphids	Dimethoate	35001	60-51-5	Excellent, 90-100%	Do not exceed label rate as leaf injury may result.
Aphids	Flonicamid	128016	158062-67-0	Excellent, 90-100%
Aphids	Flupyradifurone	122304	951659-40-8	Excellent, 90-100%	Provides excellent control as a drip treatment but only fair control as a foliar application.
Aphids	Imidacloprid	129099	138261-41-3	Excellent, 90-100%	For short-term protection at planting. Admire Pro may also be applied to transplants in the greenhouse not more than 7 days before planting at the rate of 0.44 (4.6F formulation) or 1 ounce (2 F formulation) per 10,000 plants. See label for soil application instructions.
Aphids	Pymetrozine	101103	123312-89-0	Excellent, 90-100%
Aphids	Spirotetramat	0		Excellent, 90-100%	Requires surfactant.
Aphids	Thiamethoxam	60109	153719-23-4	Excellent, 90-100%
Armyworms	Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)	0		Fair, 60-80%	Start applications when larvae are small, and continue at 5- to 7-day intervals during periods of infestation.
Armyworms	Chlorantraniliprole	90100	500008-45-7	Excellent, 90-100%	Foliar or drip chemigation. Drip chemigation must be applied uniformly to the root zone. See label for instructions.
Armyworms	Cyantraniliprole	90098	937279-54-4	No Control, <25%
Armyworms	Emamectin benzoate	122806	155569-91-8	Excellent, 90-100%	Apply when larvae are first observed.
Armyworms	Indoxacarb	67710	173584-44-6	Excellent, 90-100%
Armyworms	Methoxyfenozide	121027	161050-58-4	Good to Excellent, 80-100%
Armyworms	Novaluron	124002	116714-46-6	Excellent, 90-100%
Armyworms	Spinetoram (amixture of spinetoram-J and spinetoram-L)	110007	935545-74-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Cabbage looper	Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)	0		Good, 80-90%	(Dipel) DF, 0.5 to 1 lb/A On foliage every 7 days as needed.
Cabbage looper	Chlorantraniliprole	90100	500008-45-7	Excellent, 90-100%	Foliar or drip chemigation. Drip chemigation must be applied uniformly to the root zone. See label for instructions.
Cabbage looper	Cyantraniliprole	90098	937279-54-4	Excellent, 90-100%	Verimark is for soil application only. Applications made at planting and/or via drip chemigation after planting. See label for application options. Exirel is for foliar appication only.
Cabbage looper	Emamectin benzoate	122806	155569-91-8	Excellent, 90-100%
Cabbage looper	Indoxacarb	67710	173584-44-6	Excellent, 90-100%	Do not apply more than 14 ounces of Avaunt (0.26 pound a.i.) per acre per crop. The minimum interval between sprays is 5 days.
Cabbage looper	Methomyl	90301	27519-02-4	Good, 80-90%	Methomyl may induce leafminer infestation.
Cabbage looper	Methoxyfenozide	121027	161050-58-4	Good, 80-90%	Only effective on young soybean looper.
Cabbage looper	Novaluron	124002	116714-46-6	Good, 80-90%	Do not make more than 3 applications per season.
Cabbage looper	Pyrethroid	69007	68648-44-2	Good, 80-90%	Various pyrethoroids provide good control of cabbage looper. Does not work on soybean looper. See specific labels for rates and application instructions. alpha cypermethrin (Fastac), zeta cypermethrin (Mustang Max), cyfluthrin (Baythroid/Renounce), lambda cyhalothrin (Karate), esfenvalerate (Asana XL). gamma cyhalothrin (Proaxis) Not effective against soybean looper.
Cabbage looper	Spinetoram (amixture of spinetoram-J and spinetoram-L)	110007	935545-74-7	Good, 80-90%
Colorado potato beetle	Acetamiprid	99050	135410-20-7	Good, 80-90%
Colorado potato beetle	Chlorantraniliprole	90100	500008-45-7	No Control, <25%
Colorado potato beetle	Cyantraniliprole	90098	937279-54-4	Excellent, 90-100%	Apply Verimark to soil via drip irrigation or soil injection. Exirel is for foliar application.
Colorado potato beetle	Imidacloprid	129099	138261-41-3	No Control, <25%
Colorado potato beetle	Spinetoram (amixture of spinetoram-J and spinetoram-L)	110007	935545-74-7	No Control, <25%
Colorado potato beetle	Thiamethoxam	60109	153719-23-4	Excellent, 90-100%	Platinum may be applied to direct-seeded crops in furrow seeding or transplant depth. post seeding or transplant as a drench or through drip irrigation. Do not exceed 11 oz per acre per season of Platinum. Check label for plant-back restrictions for a number of crops.
Corn earworm	Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)	0		No Control, <25%
Corn earworm	Chlorantraniliprole	90100	500008-45-7	Excellent, 90-100%	Foliar or drip chemigation. Drip chemigation must be applied uniformly to the root zone. See label for instructions.
Corn earworm	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	No Control, <25%
Corn earworm	Cyantraniliprole	90098	937279-54-4	Excellent, 90-100%	Verimark is for soil application only. Applications made at planting and/or via drip chemigation after planting. See label for application options.
Corn earworm	Emamectin benzoate	122806	155569-91-8	Good, 80-90%
Corn earworm	Indoxacarb	67710	173584-44-6	Excellent, 90-100%	Do not apply more than 14 ounces of Avaunt (0.26 a.i.) per acre per crop. The minimum interval between sprays is 5 days.
Corn earworm	Methomyl	90301	27519-02-4	Good, 80-90%	Methomyl may induce leafminer infestation.
Corn earworm	Methoxyfenozide	121027	161050-58-4	Poor, 25-60%	Use low rates for early-season applications to young or small plants and 6 to 10 ounces for mid- and late- season applications. Intrepid provides suppression of pinworm only.
Corn earworm	Novaluron	124002	116714-46-6	Excellent, 90-100%	Do not make more than 3 applications per season.
Corn earworm	Spinetoram (amixture of spinetoram-J and spinetoram-L)	110007	935545-74-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Hornworm	Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)	0		Unknown	Dipel (0.5 to 1 lb/acre) Crymax (0.5 to 1.5 lb/acre)
Hornworm	Chlorantraniliprole	90100	500008-45-7	Unknown	Foliar or drip chemigation. Drip chemigation must be applied uniformly to the root zone. See label for instructions.
Hornworm	Cyantraniliprole	90098	937279-54-4	Unknown	Verimark is for soil application only. Applications made at planting and/or via drip chemigation after planting. See label for application options. Exirel is for foliar application only.
Hornworm	Emamectin benzoate	122806	155569-91-8	Unknown
Hornworm	Indoxacarb	67710	173584-44-6	Unknown
Hornworm	Methomyl	90301	27519-02-4	No Control, <25%	Methomyl may induce leafminer infestation.
Hornworm	Novaluron	124002	116714-46-6	No Control, <25%
Hornworm	Pyrethroid	69007	68648-44-2	Unknown
Hornworm	Spinetoram (amixture of spinetoram-J and spinetoram-L)	110007	935545-74-7	No Control, <25%
Potato flea beetle	Acetamiprid	99050	135410-20-7	Good, 80-90%	Do not apply more than once every 7 days, and do not exceed 5 applications per season.
Potato flea beetle	Clothianidin	44309	210880-92-5	Excellent, 90-100%	Belay 50 WDG: 4.8 to 6.4 oz/A (soil), 1.6 to 2.1 oz/A (foliar). Soil applications at planting only.
Potato flea beetle	Cyantraniliprole	90098	937279-54-4	Good, 80-90%	Soil applications at planting will control aphids and flea beetles. See label for application options.
Potato flea beetle	Dimethoate	35001	60-51-5	Good, 80-90%	Do not exceed rate with dimethoate as leaf injury may result.
Potato flea beetle	Imidacloprid	129099	138261-41-3	Fair, 60-80%	For short-term protection at planting. Admire Pro may also be applied to transplants in the planthouse not more than 7 days before planting at the rate of .44 (4.6 F formulation) or 1 ounce (2 F formulation) per 10,000 plants. See label for soil application instructions.
Potato flea beetle	Spirotetramat	0		No Control, <25%	Do not exceed 10 fl oz per season. Requires surfactant.
Potato flea beetle	Thiamethoxam	60109	153719-23-4	Excellent, 90-100%	Platinum may be applied to direct-seeded crops in-furrow seeding or transplant depth, post seeding or transplant as a drench, or through drip irrigation. Do not exceed 11 ounces per acre per season of Platinum. Check label for plant-back restrictions for a number of crops.
Stinkbugs	Dinotefuran	44312	165252-70-0	No Control, <25%
Stinkbugs	Pyrethroid	69007	68648-44-2	No Control, <25%
Stinkbugs	Thiamethoxam	60109	153719-23-4	No Control, <25%
Thrips	Abamectin	122804	71751-41-2	No Control, <25%
Thrips	Cyantraniliprole	90098	937279-54-4	No Control, <25%
Thrips	Dimethoate	35001	60-51-5	Fair, 60-80%
Thrips	Dinotefuran	44312	165252-70-0	Fair, 60-80%	(Venom) Venom and Scorpion may be applied as soil or foliar treatments. See label for rates. Soil application of Venom or Scropion may be made in a narrow band under the plant row as a post-transplant drench, as a soil incorporated sidedress after plants are established, or in drip irrigation water. See label for instructions.
Thrips	Methomyl	90301	27519-02-4	Fair, 60-80%	On foliage as needed. Will cause spider mite infestation.
Thrips	Novaluron	124002	116714-46-6	Fair, 60-80%	Do not make more than 3 applications per season.
Thrips	Spinetoram (amixture of spinetoram-J and spinetoram-L)	110007	935545-74-7	Good, 80-90%	Will control thrips on foliage, not in flowers.
Tomato leafminer	Abamectin	122804	71751-41-2	No Control, <25%
Tomato leafminer	Chlorantraniliprole	90100	500008-45-7	No Control, <25%
Tomato leafminer	Spinetoram (minor component (4-methyl))	110009	187166-15-0	No Control, <25%
Tomato pinworm	Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)	0		No Control, <25%
Tomato pinworm	Chlorantraniliprole	90100	500008-45-7	No Control, <25%	Foliar or drip chemigation. Drip chemigation must be applied uniformly to the root zone. See label for instructions.
Tomato pinworm	Cyantraniliprole	90098	937279-54-4	No Control, <25%	Verimark is for soil application only. Applications made at planting and/or via drip chemigation after planting. See label for application options.
Tomato pinworm	Emamectin benzoate	122806	155569-91-8	No Control, <25%
Tomato pinworm	Indoxacarb	67710	173584-44-6	No Control, <25%	Do not apply more than 14 ounces of Avaunt (0.26 pound a.i.) per acre per crop. The minimum interval between sprays is 5 days.
Tomato pinworm	Methomyl	90301	27519-02-4	No Control, <25%	Methomyl may induce leafminer infestation.
Tomato pinworm	Methoxyfenozide	121027	161050-58-4	No Control, <25%	Use low rates for early-season applications to young or small plants and 6 to 10 ounces for mid- and late-season applications. Intrepid provides suppression of pinworm only.
Tomato pinworm	Novaluron	124002	116714-46-6	No Control, <25%
Tomato pinworm	Spinetoram (amixture of spinetoram-J and spinetoram-L)	110007	935545-74-7	No Control, <25%
Whiteflies	Acetamiprid	99050	135410-20-7	Good to Excellent, 80-100%
Whiteflies	Buprofezin	275100	69327-76-0	Poor, 25-60%
Whiteflies	Chlorantraniliprole	90100	500008-45-7	Good to Excellent, 80-100%	Foliar or soil application. Drip chemigation must be applied uniformly to the root zone. See label for soil application instructions.
Whiteflies	Cyantraniliprole	90098	937279-54-4	Good to Excellent, 80-100%
Whiteflies	Dinotefuran	44312	165252-70-0	Fair, 60-80%
Whiteflies	Flupyradifurone	122304	951659-40-8	Excellent, 90-100%
Whiteflies	Imidacloprid	129099	138261-41-3	Good, 80-90%	(Admire Pro) Apply through a drip irrigtion system or as a transplant drench with sufficient water to reach root zone. As a sidedress, apply 2 to 4 inches to the side of the row and incorporate 1 or more in. Residual activity will increase with increasing rates applied. Use higher rate for late season or continuous infestations. Trickle irrigation applications will also control aphids and stinkbugs. Soil application efficacy Good-Excellent; foliar application efficacy Poor.
Whiteflies	Pyriproxyfen	129032	95737-68-1	Good, 80-90%
Whiteflies	Spiromesifen	24875	283594-90-1	Fair to Good, 50-90%
Whiteflies	Spirotetramat	0		Fair to Good, 50-90%	Do not exceed 10 fl oz per season. Requires surfactant.
Whiteflies	Thiamethoxam	60109	153719-23-4	Good, 80-90%	Platinum may be applied to direct seeded crops in furrow seeding or transplant depth, post seeding or transplant as a drench, or through drip irrigation. Do not exceed 11 ounces per acre per season of Platinum. Check label for plant-back restrictions for a number of crops. Actara is for foliar applications.

Pathogens

Pest	Active Ingredient	PC Code	CAS	Rating	Description/Comments/Resistance Issues
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Azoxystrobin	128810	131860-33-8	Good, 80-90%	Limit of 37 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than one application before alternation to a fungicide with a different mode of action. Note: Under high temperatures Satori in combination with some additives or adjuvants may cause crop injury.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Azoxystrobin + Chlorothalonil	128810 + 81901	131860-33-8 + 1897-45-6	Good, 80-90%	Must alternate with a non-FRAC code 11; use of an adjuvant may cause phytotoxicity. Do not make more than 5 applications of a Group 11 fungicide/acre/season.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole	128810 + 128847	131860-33-8 + 119446-68-3	Good, 80-90%	Do not apply until 21 days after transplanting or 35 days after seeding. Limit of 47 fl oz per acre per season. Make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to another effective fungicide with a different mode of action. NOTE: Do not use on tomato varieties that bear mature fruit less than 2 inches in diameter.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	boscalid	128008	188425-85-6	Unknown	Limit of 21 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two applications of the high rate per season and no more than six applicaions of the low rate per season.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Chlorothalonil	81901	1897-45-6	Fair, 60-80%	Refer to individual labels for rates and restrictions.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Chlorothalonil + Cymoxanil	81901 + 129106	1897-45-6 + 57966-95-7	Fair, 60-80%	Check copper labels for specific precautions and limtitations for mixing with this product.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Cyprodinil + Difenoconazole	288202 + 128847	121552-61-2 + 119446-68-3	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 47 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Cyprodinil + Fludioxonil	288202 + 71503	121552-61-2 + 131341-86-1	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 56 oz per acre per season. After two applications alternate with another fungicide with a different mode of action for two applications.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Difenoconazole + Benzovindiflupyr	128847 + 122305	119446-68-3 + 1072957-71-1	Unknown	Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a non Group 7 fungicide. See label for application intervals and limits per season.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Difenoconazole + Mandipropamide	128847 + 36602	119446-68-3 + 374726-62-2	Unknown	Limit of 28 fl oz per acre per season. Do not apply more than two consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Famoxadone + Cymoxanil	113202 + 129106	131807-57-3 + 57966-95-7	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 72 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than one application before alternating to fungicide with a different mode of action. Note: Must be tank mixed with a contact fungicide that has a different mode of action.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Fenamidone	46679	161326-34-7	Unknown	Limit of 24.6 fl oz per acre per season. Do not apply more than once before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Fluopyram + Pyrimethanil	80302 + 288201	658066-35-4 + 53112-28-0	Unknown	See label for limits on application amounts per season. Do not make more than 2 applications of Group 7 or 9 fungicides without switching to a different mode of action.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Fluopyram + Trifloxystrobin	80302 + 129112	658066-35-4 + 141517-21-7	Unknown	Do not exceed 5 applications or 27.1 fl oz/acre/season. Do not make more than 2 applications without switching to a different mode of action.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Flutriafol	128940	76674-21-0	Unknown	Do not exceed more than 4 applications or 28 fl oz product/acre/season.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Fluxapyroxad + Pyraclostrobin	138009 + 99100	907204-31-3 + 175013-18-0	Unknown	Limit of 24 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Mancozeb	14504	8018-01-7	Good, 80-90%
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Mancozeb + Zoxamide	14504 + 101702	8018-01-7 + 156052-68-5	Good, 80-90%	Limit of 8 lb per acre per season West of the Mississippi River. Limit of 16 lb per acre per season East of the Mississippi River.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Penthiopyrad	90112	183675-82-3	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 72 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Pyraclostrobin	99100	175013-18-0	Good, 80-90%	Limit of 96 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two applications before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Pyrimethanil	288201	53112-28-0	Unknown	Limit of 35 fl oz per acre per season. Use only in a tank mix with another fungicide recommended for Early Blight.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Trifloxystrobin	129112	141517-21-7	Unknown	Limit of 16 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than one application before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate	34805	155-04-4	Unknown	Limit of 24 lb per acre per season. NOTE: Do not use on cherry tomatoes.
Anthracnose	Azoxystrobin	128810	131860-33-8	Unknown	Do not make more than one application before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Anthracnose	Azoxystrobin + Chlorothalonil	128810 + 81901	131860-33-8 + 1897-45-6	Unknown	Do not make more than one application before switching to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Anthracnose	Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole	128810 + 128847	131860-33-8 + 119446-68-3	Unknown	Do not make more than one application before switching to a fungicide with a different mode of action. Do not apply within 21 days after transplanting or 35 days after seeding.
Anthracnose	Chlorothalonil	81901	1897-45-6	Unknown	See label for rates and restrictions.
Anthracnose	Chlorothalonil + Cymoxanil	81901 + 129106	1897-45-6 + 57966-95-7	Unknown	Check copper labels for specific precautions and limitations ofr mixing with this product.
Anthracnose	Cyprodinil + Difenoconazole	288202 + 128847	121552-61-2 + 119446-68-3	Unknown	Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action. Limits of each a.i. apply - see labels.
Anthracnose	Difenoconazole + Benzovindiflupyr	128847 + 122305	119446-68-3 + 1072957-71-1	Unknown	Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Anthracnose	Difenoconazole + Mandipropamide	128847 + 36602	119446-68-3 + 374726-62-2	Unknown	Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Anthracnose	Famoxadone + Cymoxanil	113202 + 129106	131807-57-3 + 57966-95-7	Unknown	Do not make more than one application before alternating with a fungicide with a different mode of action. NOTE: This product must be tank mixed with a contact fungicide that has a different mode of action.
Anthracnose	Fixed Copper	0		No Control, <25%
Anthracnose	Fluopyram + Trifloxystrobin	80302 + 129112	658066-35-4 + 141517-21-7	Unknown	Disease suppression only. Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Anthracnose	Flutriafol	128940	76674-21-0	Unknown
Anthracnose	Fluxapyroxad + Pyraclostrobin	138009 + 99100	907204-31-3 + 175013-18-0	Unknown	Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Anthracnose	Mancozeb	14504	8018-01-7	Unknown
Anthracnose	Penthiopyrad	90112	183675-82-3	Unknown	Disease suppression only. Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Anthracnose	Pyraclostrobin	99100	175013-18-0	Unknown	Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Anthracnose	Trifloxystrobin	129112	141517-21-7	Unknown	Disease suppression only. Do not make more than 1 application before alterating to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Bacterial canker	Acibenzolar-s-methyl	61402	135158-54-2	Good, 80-90%	Stop application two weeks before harvest.
Bacterial canker	Fixed Copper	0		Good, 80-90%
Bacterial canker	Sodium hypochlorite	14703	7681-52-9	Good, 80-90%	For seed treatment ONLY
Bacterial speck	Acibenzolar-s-methyl	61402	135158-54-2	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Provides the best control of all available products for bacterial speck management.
Bacterial speck	Bacillus mycoides Isolate J	6516	Unknown	Fair, 60-80%
Bacterial speck	Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki	6402	68038-71-1	Fair, 60-80%
Bacterial speck	Bacteriophage (from selected Pseudomonas species)	6431	Unknown	Fair, 60-80%	Consult your vegetable Extension Specialist for information on requirements needed to use bacteriophage.
Bacterial speck	Fixed Copper	0		Fair, 60-80%	Begin application at first true leaf stage, repeat at 3 to 7 day intervals until transplanting. Alternating with streptomycin sulfate is recommended.
Bacterial speck	Mancozeb + Copper hydroxide	14504 + 23401	8018-01-7 + 20427-59-2	Fair, 60-80%
Bacterial speck	Reynoutria sachalinensis	55809	Unknown	Fair, 60-80%
Bacterial speck	Streptomycin sulfate (1:3)	6310	3810-74-0	Fair, 60-80%	Only for use in GREENHOUSE; not labeled for use in the field.
Bacterial spot	Acibenzolar-s-methyl	61402	135158-54-2	Fair to Good, 50-90%
Bacterial spot	Bacillus mycoides Isolate J	6516	Unknown	Fair to Good, 50-90%
Bacterial spot	Bacteriophage (from selected Pseudomonas species)	6431	Unknown	Poor to Good, 25-90%
Bacterial spot	Fixed Copper	0		Poor, 25-60%	Copper alone typically does not provide adequate control due to widespread copper tolerance in the pathogen. Copper mixed with mancozeb provides better control.
Bacterial spot	Fixed Copper + Mancozeb	14504	8018-01-7	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Copper and mancozeb as a tank mix or pre-mix provide better control than copper alone.
Bacterial spot	Streptomycin sulfate (1:3)	6310	3810-74-0	Poor to Fair, 25-80%	Can ONLY be used in the GREENHOUSE. Resistance to streptomycin is known in the pathogen.
Corynespora leaf spot	Azoxystrobin	128810	131860-33-8	Poor, 25-60%	Resistance to FRAC group 11 is known to occur in this pathogen. Do not make more than 1 application before alternating with a fungicide with a different mode of action. Azoxystrobin in combination with some adjuvants may cause crop injury under high temperatures.
Corynespora leaf spot	Azoxystrobin + Chlorothalonil	128810 + 81901	131860-33-8 + 1897-45-6	Unknown	Resistance to FRAC group 11 is known to occur in this pathogen. Do not make more than 1 application without switching to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Corynespora leaf spot	Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole	128810 + 128847	131860-33-8 + 119446-68-3	Unknown	Resistance to FRAC group 11 is known to occur in this pathogen. Do not apply until 21 days after transplanting or 35 days after seeding. Do not make more than 2 applications before rotating to another fungicide with a different mode of action.
Corynespora leaf spot	boscalid	128008	188425-85-6	Poor, 25-60%	Resistance to this fungicide has been reported.
Corynespora leaf spot	Chlorothalonil	81901	1897-45-6	Fair, 60-80%
Corynespora leaf spot	Chlorothalonil + Cymoxanil	81901 + 129106	1897-45-6 + 57966-95-7	Fair, 60-80%	Check copper labels for specific precautios and limitations for mixing with this product.
Corynespora leaf spot	Cyprodinil + Difenoconazole	288202 + 128847	121552-61-2 + 119446-68-3	Fair, 60-80%	Do not make more than 2 applications before alternating with a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Corynespora leaf spot	Difenoconazole + Benzovindiflupyr	128847 + 122305	119446-68-3 + 1072957-71-1	Unknown	Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a fungicide with a different mode of action. See label for limits per season.
Corynespora leaf spot	Difenoconazole + Mandipropamide	128847 + 36602	119446-68-3 + 374726-62-2	Good, 80-90%	Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Corynespora leaf spot	Famoxadone + Cymoxanil	113202 + 129106	131807-57-3 + 57966-95-7	Fair, 60-80%	Resistance to FRAC group 11 is known to occur in the pathogen.
Corynespora leaf spot	Fluopyram + Pyrimethanil	80302 + 288201	658066-35-4 + 53112-28-0	Unknown	Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Corynespora leaf spot	Fluopyram + Trifloxystrobin	80302 + 129112	658066-35-4 + 141517-21-7	Unknown	Resistance to FRAC group 11 is known to occur in this pathogen. Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Corynespora leaf spot	Fluoxastrobin	28869	361377-29-9	Unknown	Resistance to FRAC group 11 is known to occur in this pathogen. Do not make more than 1 application before switching to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Corynespora leaf spot	Flutriafol	128940	76674-21-0	Unknown
Corynespora leaf spot	Fluxapyroxad + Pyraclostrobin	138009 + 99100	907204-31-3 + 175013-18-0	Fair, 60-80%	Resistance to FRAC group 11 is known to occur in this pathogen. Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Corynespora leaf spot	Mancozeb	14504	8018-01-7	Fair, 60-80%
Corynespora leaf spot	Mancozeb + Zoxamide	14504 + 101702	8018-01-7 + 156052-68-5	Unknown
Corynespora leaf spot	Penthiopyrad	90112	183675-82-3	Fair, 60-80%	Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Corynespora leaf spot	Pyraclostrobin	99100	175013-18-0	Fair, 60-80%	Resistance to FRAC group 11 is known to occur in this pathogen. Do not make more than 2 applications before alternating with a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Early blight	Azoxystrobin	128810	131860-33-8	Excellent, 90-100%	Limit of 37 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than one application before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action. NOTE: Under high temperatures Satori in combination with some additives or adjuvants may cause crop injury. Resistance may occur.
Early blight	Azoxystrobin + Chlorothalonil	128810 + 81901	131860-33-8 + 1897-45-6	Excellent, 90-100%	Must alternate with a non-FRAC code 11; use of an adjuvant may cause phytotoxicity. Do not make more than 5 applications of a Group 11 fungicide/acre/season.
Early blight	Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole	128810 + 128847	131860-33-8 + 119446-68-3	Excellent, 90-100%	Do not apply until 21 days after transplanting or 35 days after seeding. Limit of 47 fl oz per acre per season. Make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to another effective fungicide with a different mode of action. NOTE: Do not use on tomato varieties that bear mature fruit less than 2 inches in diameter.
Early blight	boscalid	128008	188425-85-6	Good, 80-90%	Limit of 21 oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two applications of the high rate per season and no more than six applications of the low rate per season.
Early blight	Chlorothalonil	81901	1897-45-6	Fair, 60-80%	Refer to individual labels for rates and restrictions.
Early blight	Chlorothalonil + Cymoxanil	81901 + 129106	1897-45-6 + 57966-95-7	Fair, 60-80%	Check copper labels for specific precautions and limitations for mixing with this product.
Early blight	Cyprodinil + Difenoconazole	288202 + 128847	121552-61-2 + 119446-68-3	Good, 80-90%	Limit of 47 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Early blight	Cyprodinil + Fludioxonil	288202 + 71503	121552-61-2 + 131341-86-1	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 56 oz per acre per season. After two applications alternate with another fungicide with a different mode of action for two applications.
Early blight	Difenoconazole + Benzovindiflupyr	128847 + 122305	119446-68-3 + 1072957-71-1	Good, 80-90%	Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a non Group 7 fungicide. See label for application intervals and limits per season.
Early blight	Difenoconazole + Mandipropamide	128847 + 36602	119446-68-3 + 374726-62-2	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 28 fl oz per acre per season. Do not apply more than two consecutive applications before alternating with a fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Early blight	Famoxadone + Cymoxanil	113202 + 129106	131807-57-3 + 57966-95-7	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Limit of 72 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than one application before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action. NOTE: Must be tank mxed with a contact fungicide that has a different mode of action.
Early blight	Fenamidone	46679	161326-34-7	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 24.6 fl oz per acre per season. Do not apply more than once before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action. NOTE: Reason 500 SC is not labeled for Target spot management.
Early blight	Fluopyram + Pyrimethanil	80302 + 288201	658066-35-4 + 53112-28-0	Good, 80-90%	See label for limits on application amounts per season. Do not make more than 2 applications of Group 7 or 9 fungicides without switching to a different mode of action.
Early blight	Fluopyram + Trifloxystrobin	80302 + 129112	658066-35-4 + 141517-21-7	Good, 80-90%	Do not exceed 5 applications or 27.1 fl oz/acre/season. Do not make more than 2 applications of Group 7 or 9 fungicides without switching to a different mode of action.
Early blight	Fluoxastrobin	28869	361377-29-9	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Limit of 22.8 fl oz per acre per season. Do not apply more than once before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Early blight	Flutriafol	128940	76674-21-0	Fair, 60-80%	(Rhyme) Do not exceed more than 4 applications or 28 fl oz product/acre/season.
Early blight	Fluxapyroxad + Pyraclostrobin	138009 + 99100	907204-31-3 + 175013-18-0	Good, 80-90%	Limit of 24 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Early blight	Mancozeb	14504	8018-01-7	Good, 80-90%	See label for instructions.
Early blight	Mancozeb + Zoxamide	14504 + 101702	8018-01-7 + 156052-68-5	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 8 lb per acre per season West of the Mississippi River. Limit of 16 lb per acre per season East of the Mississippi River.
Early blight	Penthiopyrad	90112	183675-82-3	Good, 80-90%	Limit of 72 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Early blight	Polyoxin D zinc salt	230000	146659-78-1	No Control, <25%	Alternate with non-FRAC code 19 fungicide. Do not apply more than 4.2 oz a.i./acre/season (approximately 76.5 oz product) of Ph-D. Do not apply more than 5 applications/acre/season of OSO. NOT labeled for target spot.
Early blight	Polyoxin D zinc salt	230000	146659-78-1	Unknown	Do not exceed more than 4 applications or 28 fl oz product/acre/season.
Early blight	Pyraclostrobin	99100	175013-18-0	Excellent, 90-100%	Limit of 96 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two applications before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action. Resistance may occur.
Early blight	Pyrimethanil	288201	53112-28-0	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 35 fl oz per acre per season. Use only in a tank mix with another fungicide recommended for early blight. NOTE: Scala SC is not labeled for Septoria leaf spot management. Scala SC is only labeled for Target spot in Florida.
Early blight	Trifloxystrobin	129112	141517-21-7	No Control, <25%	Limit of 24 lb per acre per season. NOTE: Do not use on cherry tomatoes. Ziram 76DF is not labeled for Target spot management.
Early blight	Trifloxystrobin	129112	141517-21-7	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Pathogen is known to develop resistance to this class of fungicides.
Early blight	Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate	34805	155-04-4	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 24 lb per acre per season. Do not use on cherry tomatoes.
Early blight	Zoxamide + Chlorothalonil	101702 + 81901	156052-68-5 + 1897-45-6	Fair, 60-80%	Do not use more than 2 sequential applications before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Fusarium wilt	1,3-Dichloropropene	29001	542-75-6
Fusarium wilt	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Good, 80-90%
Fusarium wilt	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Fair, 60-80%
Fusarium wilt	Chloropicrin	81501	76-06-2	Good, 80-90%
Fusarium wilt	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Good, 80-90%
Gray leaf spot	Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole	128810 + 128847	131860-33-8 + 119446-68-3	Unknown	Do not apply until 21 days after transplanting or 35 days after seeding. Limit of 47 fl oz per acre per season. Make no more than 2 consecutive applications before rotating to another effective fungicide with a different mode of action. NOTE: Do not use on tomato varieties that bear mature fruit less than 2 inches in diameter.
Gray leaf spot	Chlorothalonil	81901	1897-45-6	Unknown	Refer to individual labels for rates and restrictions.
Gray leaf spot	Cyprodinil + Difenoconazole	288202 + 128847	121552-61-2 + 119446-68-3	Unknown	Limit of 47 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Gray leaf spot	Difenoconazole + Mandipropamide	128847 + 36602	119446-68-3 + 374726-62-2	Unknown	Limit of 28 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Gray leaf spot	Fixed Copper + Mancozeb	14504	8018-01-7	Unknown	Limit of 42.7 lb per acre per season West of the Mississippi River. Limit of 58 lb per acre per season East of the Mississippi River.
Gray leaf spot	Fluopyram + Pyrimethanil	80302 + 288201	658066-35-4 + 53112-28-0	Unknown	See label for limits on applications amounts per season. Do not make more than 2 applications of Group 7 or 9 fungicides without switching to a diffferent mode of action.
Gray leaf spot	Fluopyram + Trifloxystrobin	80302 + 129112	658066-35-4 + 141517-21-7	Unknown	Do not exceed 5 applications or 27.1 fl oz/acre/season. Do no make more than 2 applications without switching to a different mode of action.
Gray leaf spot	Mancozeb	14504	8018-01-7	Unknown
Gray leaf spot	Mancozeb + Zoxamide	14504 + 101702	8018-01-7 + 156052-68-5	Unknown	Limit of 8 lb per acre per season West of the Mississippi River. Limit of 16 lb per acre per season East of the Mississippi River.
Gray leaf spot	Trifloxystrobin	129112	141517-21-7	Unknown	Limit of 16 fl oz per are per season. Do not make more than one application before alternating to a fungicide with adifferent mode of action.
Gray mold	boscalid	128008	188425-85-6	Good, 80-90%	Limit of 25 oz per acre per season. Make no more than 2 sequential applications and no mor ethan 2 per crop year.
Gray mold	Chlorothalonil	81901	1897-45-6	Fair, 60-80%	Refer to individual labels for rates and restrictions.
Gray mold	Chlorothalonil + Cymoxanil	81901 + 129106	1897-45-6 + 57966-95-7	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 32 pt per acre per season.
Gray mold	Cyprodinil + Difenoconazole	288202 + 128847	121552-61-2 + 119446-68-3	Good, 80-90%	Limit of 47 fl oz per acre per season. Do not mkae more than two consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Gray mold	Fludioxonil	71503	131341-86-1	Unknown	Use as a postharvest dip only. NOTE: Do not use on processing tomato varieties.
Gray mold	Fluopyram + Trifloxystrobin	80302 + 129112	658066-35-4 + 141517-21-7	Unknown	Do not exceed 5 applications of 27.1 fl oz/acre/season. Do not make more than 2 applications without switching to a different mode of action.
Gray mold	Fluxapyroxad + Pyraclostrobin	138009 + 99100	907204-31-3 + 175013-18-0	Poor, 25-60%	Limit of 24 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Gray mold	Penthiopyrad	90112	183675-82-3	Good, 80-90%	Disease suppression only. Limit of 72 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Gray mold	Pyraclostrobin	99100	175013-18-0	Poor, 25-60%	Disease suppression only. No more than 2 applications allowed before switching to a different mode of action. Do not exceed 96 oz/acre/season.
Gray mold	Pyrimethanil	288201	53112-28-0	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 35 fl oz per acre per season.
Late blight	Ametoctradin + Dimethomorph	119210 + 268800	865318-97-4 + 110488-70-5	Good, 80-90%	Limt of 42 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action. The addition of a spreading or penetrating adjuvant is recommended to improve product performance.
Late blight	Azoxystrobin	128810	131860-33-8	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 37 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than one application before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action. NOTE: Apply at 5 to 7 day intervals for effective late blight management.
Late blight	Azoxystrobin + Chlorothalonil	128810 + 81901	131860-33-8 + 1897-45-6	Good, 80-90%	Must alternate with a non-FRAC code 11; use of an adjuvant may cause phytotoxicity. Do not make more than 5 applications of a Group 11 fungicide/acre/season.
Late blight	Chlorothalonil	81901	1897-45-6	Good, 80-90%	Refer to individual labels for rates and restrictions.
Late blight	Chlorothalonil	81901	1897-45-6	No Control, <25%	Mefenoxam + chlorothalonil: Do not make more than 3 applications of Ridomil Gold/Bravo or Ridomil Gold MZ per crop. Tank mix Brazo MZ58 with 0.45 lb mancozeb 80W.
Late blight	Chlorothalonil + Cymoxanil	81901 + 129106	1897-45-6 + 57966-95-7	Good, 80-90%	Check copper labels for specific precautions and limtations for mixing with this product.
Late blight	Chlorothalonil + Mefenoxam	81901 + 113502	1897-45-6 + 70630-17-0	Excellent, 90-100%	Do not make more than 3 applications of Ridomil Gold/Bravo or Ridomil Gold MZ per crop. Tank mix Bravo MZ58 with 0.45 lb mancozeb 80W. Resistance may occur.
Late blight	Cyazofamid	85651	120116-88-3	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 16.5 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than one application before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action. NOTE: Ranman must be tank mixed with an organosilicate surfactant.
Late blight	Cymoxanil	129106	57966-95-7	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 30 oz per 12-month period. Use only in combination with a labeled rate of a protectant fungicide. If late blight is present use 5 oz per acre on a 5-day schedule.
Late blight	Difenoconazole + Mandipropamide	128847 + 36602	119446-68-3 + 374726-62-2	Good, 80-90%	Limit of 28 fl oz per acre per season. Do not apply more than two consecutive applications before alternating with a fungicide that have a different mode of action.
Late blight	Dimethomorph	268800	110488-70-5	Good, 80-90%	Limit of 30 oz per acre per season. Performance is improved if tanked mix with another fungicide with a different mode of action. Follow label restrictions carefully.
Late blight	Dimethomorph	268800	110488-70-5	No Control, <25%	dimethomorph + ametroctradin: Limit of 24 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action. The addition of a spreading or penetrating adjuvant is recommended to improve product performance. *Zampro brand not in database.
Late blight	Fenamidone	46679	161326-34-7	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 24.6 fl oz per acre per season. Do not apply more than once before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Late blight	Fluopicolide	27412	239110-15-7	Good, 80-90%	Limit of 12 fl oz per acre per season or four applications. Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action. Use only in combination with a labeled rate of another fungicide product with a different mode of action.
Late blight	Fluoxastrobin	28869	361377-29-9	Good, 80-90%	Disease suppression only. Limit of 22.8 fl oz per acre per season. Do not apply more than once before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Late blight	Fluxapyroxad + Pyraclostrobin	138009 + 99100	907204-31-3 + 175013-18-0	Poor, 25-60%	Disease Suppression Only. Limit of 24 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two consectuive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Late blight	Mancozeb	14504	8018-01-7	Fair, 60-80%
Late blight	Mancozeb	14504	8018-01-7	No Control, <25%	See label for instructions.
Late blight	Mancozeb + Mefenoxam	14504 + 113502	8018-01-7 + 70630-17-0	Good, 80-90%	Do not make more than 3 applications of Ridomil Gold/Bravo or Ridomil Gold MZ per crop. Tank mix Bravo MZ58 with 0.45 lb mancozeb 80W. Resistance may occur.
Late blight	Mancozeb + Zoxamide	14504 + 101702	8018-01-7 + 156052-68-5	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 8 lb per acre per season West of the Mississippi River. Limit of 16 lb per acre per season East of the Mississippi.
Late blight	Mono- and di- potassium salts of phosphorous acid	76416	13977-65-6	No Control, <25%	See label.
Late blight	Oxathiapiprolin + Chlorothalonil	128111 + 81901	1003318-67-9 + 1897-45-6	Excellent, 90-100%	Do not make more than 2 sequential applications without switching to a different mode of action and no more than 6 total applications per season. Do not mix soil applications and foliar applications. Apply no more than 20 pints of Orondis Opti B per season.
Late blight	Oxathiapiprolin + Mandipropamide	128111 + 36602	1003318-67-9 + 374726-62-2	Excellent, 90-100%	Do not make more than 2 sequential applications without switching to a different mode of action and no more than 6 total applications per season. Limit applications of Orondis Ultra B to 32 fl oz per acre per season. Limit application of Orondis Ultra B to 32 fl oz per acre per season. Do not mix soil applications and foliar applications.
Late blight	Polyoxin D zinc salt	230000	146659-78-1	No Control, <25%	Alternate with non-FRAC code 19 fungicide. Do not apply more than 4.2 oz a.i./acre/season (approx. 76.5 oz product)
Late blight	Propamocarb	119301	24579-73-5	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 7.5 pt per acre per season. Do not apply more than once before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Late blight	Pyraclostrobin	99100	175013-18-0	Fair, 60-80%	No more than 2 applications allowed before switching to a different mode of action. Do not exceed 96 oz/acre/season.
Late blight	Trifloxystrobin	129112	141517-21-7	No Control, <25%	Limit of 16 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than one application before alternating with a protectant fungicide. NOTE: Apply Flint with 75% of the labeled rate of a protectant fungicide.
Late blight	Zoxamide + Chlorothalonil	101702 + 81901	156052-68-5 + 1897-45-6	Good, 80-90%	Do not use more than 2 sequential applications before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action. Do not tank mix with another fungicide if the target pest is only late blight. Tank mix only if a partner product is required to control other diseases.
Leaf mold	Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole	128810 + 128847	131860-33-8 + 119446-68-3	No Control, <25%	Do not apply until 32 days after transplanting or 35 days after seeding. Limit of 47 fl oz per acre per season. Make no more than two consectuvie applications before rotating to another effective fungicide with a different mode of action. NOTE: Do not use on tomato varieties that bear mature fruit less than 2 inches in diameter.
Leaf mold	Cyprodinil + Difenoconazole	288202 + 128847	121552-61-2 + 119446-68-3	Good, 80-90%	Limit of 47 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Leaf mold	Difenoconazole + Benzovindiflupyr	128847 + 122305	119446-68-3 + 1072957-71-1	No Control, <25%	Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a non-Group 7 fungicide. See label for application intervals and limits per season.
Leaf mold	Famoxadone + Cymoxanil	113202 + 129106	131807-57-3 + 57966-95-7	No Control, <25%	Limit of 72 fl oz per acre per season (12 month cycle). Do not make more than one application before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action. NOTE: Must be tank mixed with a contact fungicide that has a different mode of action.
Leaf mold	Fluopyram + Trifloxystrobin	80302 + 129112	658066-35-4 + 141517-21-7	No Control, <25%	Do not exceed 5 applications or 27.1 fl oz/acre/season. Do not make more than 2 applications without switching to a different mode of action.
Leaf mold	Mancozeb	14504	8018-01-7	Fair, 60-80%
Leaf mold	Mancozeb + Zoxamide	14504 + 101702	8018-01-7 + 156052-68-5	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 8 lb per acre per season West of the Mississippi River. Limit of 16 lb per acre per season East of the Mississippi River.
Leaf mold	Polyoxin D zinc salt	230000	146659-78-1	No Control, <25%	(Ph-D) 6.2 oz/A (OSO 5% SC) 3.75 to 13.0 fl oz/A Alternate with non-FRAC code 19 fungicide.
Phytophthora blight	Azoxystrobin	128810	131860-33-8	No Control, <25%	Limit of 37 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than one application before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action. Note: Under high temperatures Satori in combination with some additives or adjuvants may cause crop injury.
Phytophthora blight	Azoxystrobin + Chlorothalonil	128810 + 81901	131860-33-8 + 1897-45-6	No Control, <25%	Limit of 5 applications of any Group 11 fungicide. Do not make more than one application before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Phytophthora blight	Famoxadone + Cymoxanil	113202 + 129106	131807-57-3 + 57966-95-7	No Control, <25%	DISEASE SUPPRESSION ONLY. Limit of 72 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than one application before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action. Note: Must be tanked mixed with a contact fungicide that has a different mode of action.
Phytophthora blight	Fixed Copper + Mefenoxam	113502	70630-17-0	No Control, <25%	Tank mix with 0.8 lb a.i. of either maneb or mancozeb.
Phytophthora blight	Mancozeb + Zoxamide	14504 + 101702	8018-01-7 + 156052-68-5	No Control, <25%	Limit of 8 lb per acre per season West of the Mississippi River. Limit of 16 lb per acre per season East of the Mississippi River.
Phytophthora blight	Oxathiapiprolin + Chlorothalonil	128111 + 81901	1003318-67-9 + 1897-45-6	No Control, <25%	Do not make more than 2 sequential applications without switching to a different mode of action and no more than 6 total applications per season. Do not mix soil applications and foliar applications. Apply no more than 20 pints of Orondis Opti B per season.
Phytophthora blight	Oxathiapiprolin + Mandipropamide	128111 + 36602	1003318-67-9 + 374726-62-2	No Control, <25%	Do not make more than 2 sequential applications without switching to a different mode of action and no more than 6 total applications per season. Limit applications of Orondis Ultra B to 32 fl oz per acre per season. Do not mix soil applications and foliar applications.
Sclerotinia stem rot	1,3-Dichloropropene	29001	542-75-6
Sclerotinia stem rot	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%
Sclerotinia stem rot	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%
Sclerotinia stem rot	Fluxapyroxad + Pyraclostrobin	138009 + 99100	907204-31-3 + 175013-18-0	Poor, 25-60%	Disease Suppression Only: Limit of 24 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Sclerotinia stem rot	Pyraclostrobin	99100	175013-18-0	No Control, <25%	Disease Suppression Only: Limit of 96 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two applications before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Septoria leaf spot	Azoxystrobin	128810	131860-33-8	Good, 80-90%	Limit of 37 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than one application before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action. NOTE: Under high temperatures Satori in combination with some additives or adjuvants may cause crop injury.
Septoria leaf spot	Azoxystrobin + Chlorothalonil	128810 + 81901	131860-33-8 + 1897-45-6	No Control, <25%	Must alternate with a non-FRAC code 11; use of an adjuvant may cause phytotoxicity. Do not make more than 5 applications of a Group 11 fungicide/acre/season.
Septoria leaf spot	Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole	128810 + 128847	131860-33-8 + 119446-68-3	No Control, <25%	Do not apply until 21 days after transplanting or 35 days after seeding. Limit of 47 fl oz per acre per season. Make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to another effective fungicide with a different mode of action. NOTE: Do not use on tomato varieties that bear mature fruit less than 2 inches in diameter.
Septoria leaf spot	Chlorothalonil	81901	1897-45-6	Fair, 60-80%	Refer to individual labels for rates and restrictions.
Septoria leaf spot	Chlorothalonil + Cymoxanil	81901 + 129106	1897-45-6 + 57966-95-7	Fair, 60-80%	Check copper labels for specific precautions and limtitations for mixing with this product.
Septoria leaf spot	Cyprodinil + Difenoconazole	288202 + 128847	121552-61-2 + 119446-68-3	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 47 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Septoria leaf spot	Difenoconazole + Benzovindiflupyr	128847 + 122305	119446-68-3 + 1072957-71-1	No Control, <25%	Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a non Group 7 fungicide. See label for application intervals and limits per season.
Septoria leaf spot	Difenoconazole + Mandipropamide	128847 + 36602	119446-68-3 + 374726-62-2	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 28 fl or per acre per season. Do not apply more than two consecutive applications before alternating with a fungicide that has a different mode of action.
Septoria leaf spot	Fluopyram + Pyrimethanil	80302 + 288201	658066-35-4 + 53112-28-0	No Control, <25%	See label for limits on application amounts per season. Do not make more than 2 applications of Group 7 or Group 9 fungicides without switching to a different mode of action.
Septoria leaf spot	Fluopyram + Trifloxystrobin	80302 + 129112	658066-35-4 + 141517-21-7	No Control, <25%	Do not exceed 5 applications of 27.1 fl oz/acre/season. Do not make more than 2 applications without switching to a different mode of action.
Septoria leaf spot	Fluoxastrobin	28869	361377-29-9	No Control, <25%	Limit of 22.8 fl oz per acre per season. Do not apply more than once before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Septoria leaf spot	Fluxapyroxad + Pyraclostrobin	138009 + 99100	907204-31-3 + 175013-18-0	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 24 fl oz per acre per season. Do not apply more than once before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Septoria leaf spot	Mancozeb	14504	8018-01-7	Fair, 60-80%	See label.
Septoria leaf spot	Mancozeb + Zoxamide	14504 + 101702	8018-01-7 + 156052-68-5	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 8 lb per acre per season West of the MIssissippi River. Limit of 16 lb per acre per season East of the Mississippi River.
Septoria leaf spot	Penthiopyrad	90112	183675-82-3	Fair, 60-80%	Limit of 72 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Septoria leaf spot	Polyoxin D zinc salt	230000	146659-78-1	No Control, <25%	Do not exceed more than 4 applications or 28 fl oz product/acre/season. NOT LABELED FOR SEPTORIA.
Septoria leaf spot	Polyoxin D zinc salt	230000	146659-78-1	No Control, <25%	Alternate with non-FRAC code 19 fungicide. Do not apply more than 4.2 oz a.i./acre/season (approximately 76.5 oz product) of Ph-D. Do not apply more than 5 applications/acre/season of OSO. NOT labeled for target spot.
Septoria leaf spot	Pyraclostrobin	99100	175013-18-0	Excellent, 90-100%	Limit of 96 fl oz per are per season. Do not make more than two applications before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Septoria leaf spot	Zoxamide + Chlorothalonil	101702 + 81901	156052-68-5 + 1897-45-6	No Control, <25%
Southern stem rot	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Fair, 60-80%
Southern stem rot	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Good, 80-90%
Southern stem rot	Difenoconazole + Benzovindiflupyr	128847 + 122305	119446-68-3 + 1072957-71-1	Poor to Fair, 25-80%	Do not make more than 2 applications before switching to a non-Group 7 fungicide. See label for application intervals and limits per season.
Southern stem rot	Fluoxastrobin	28869	361377-29-9	Poor to Fair, 25-80%	Begin applications when conditions favor disease development on 7 to 10 day intervals. Do not apply more than once before alternating with fungicides that have a different ode of action. Do not apply more than 22.8 fl oz per acre per season.
Southern stem rot	Fluxapyroxad + Pyraclostrobin	138009 + 99100	907204-31-3 + 175013-18-0	Poor to Fair, 25-80%	DISEASE SUPPRESSION ONLY. Limit of 24 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two consecutive applications before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action.
Southern stem rot	PCNB (= pentachloronitrobenzene)	56502	2593-15-9	Good, 80-90%	Transplanting: Apply at the time of transplanting for Southern blight suppression. The solution should be agitated often to maintain a uniform mixture to assure proper dosage. Limit of 7.5 lb a.i. per acre per season. In furrow: Apply in 8 to 10 gals of water per acre based on 36-inch row spacing. Apply as in-furrow sprays to the open
Southern stem rot	Penthiopyrad	90112	183675-82-3	Poor to Fair, 25-80%	Apply as a soil drench to seedling tray or at the time of transplant.
Southern stem rot	Pyraclostrobin	99100	175013-18-0	Poor to Fair, 25-80%	Disease suppression only. Limit of 96 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than two applications before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
Verticillium wilt	1,3-Dichloropropene	29001	542-75-6
Verticillium wilt	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Fair, 60-80%
Verticillium wilt	Chloropicrin	81501	76-06-2	Good, 80-90%
Verticillium wilt	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Good, 80-90%

Weeds

Pest	Active Ingredient	PC Code	CAS	Rating	Description/Comments/Resistance Issues
Broadleaf signalgrass	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Broadleaf signalgrass	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%	Product is registered, but there is limited experience with this product by University Extension programs or independant trials in our region. The active ingredient is simlar to the active ingredient in metam sodium products and is likely to behave in a similar manner.
Broadleaf signalgrass	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Broadleaf signalgrass	Clethodim	121011	99129-21-2	Unknown	Postemergence: Apply to actively growing grasses not suffering from drought stress. With Arrow, Clethodim, or Select, add a crop oil concentrate at 1% by volume (1 gal per 100 gal spray mix). With Select Max, add 2 pt of nonionic surfactant per 100 gal spray mixture. Adding crop oil may increase the likelihood of crop injury at high air temperature. Do not apply on unusually hot and humid days. Very effective in controlling annual bluegrass. PHI = 20 days.
Broadleaf signalgrass	DCPA	78701	1861-32-1	Fair, 60-80%	Apply over the top of transplants only between 4 to 6 wk after transplanting to improve preemergence control of late emerging weeds. Will not control emerge weeds.
Broadleaf signalgrass	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Good, 80-90%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Broadleaf signalgrass	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Broadleaf signalgrass	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium. Preplant: Rates are dependent on soil type and weeds present. Apply when soil moisture is at field capacity (100 to 125%). Apply through soil injection using a rotary tiller or inject with knives no more than 4 in. apart; follow immediately with a roller to smoot and compact the soil surface or with mulch. May apply through drip irrigation prior to planting a second crop on mulch; however, adhere to label guidelines on crop plant back interval. Plant back interval is often 14 to 21 days and can be 30 days in some environments. See label for all restrictions and additional information.
Broadleaf signalgrass	Metribuzin	101101	21087-64-9	Fair, 60-80%	Preplant: Apply to soil surface and incorporate 2 to 4 in. deep before transplanting. See label for instructions. Postemergence: Use either as a broadcast or directed spray but do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i. with a broadcast spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed 1 lb a.i. per year. Do not apply as a broadcast spray unless 3 sunny days prior to application.
Broadleaf signalgrass	Napropamide	103001	15299-99-7	Good, 80-90%	Bareground: Apply preplant and incorporate into the soil 1 to 2 in. as soon as possible with a rototilleror tandem disk. Can be used on direct-seeded or transplanted tomatoes. See label for instructions on use. Plasticulture: Apply to a weed-free soil before laying plastic mulch. Soil should be well worked yet moist enough to permit a thorough incorporation to a depth of 2 inches. Mechanically incorporate or irrigate within 24 hours after application. If weed pressure is from small seeded annuals, apply to the surface of the bed immediately in front of the laying of plastic mulch. If soil is dry, water or sprinkle irrigate with sufficient water to wet to a depth of 2 to 4 inches before covering with plastic mulch. Between rows: Apply to a weed free soil surface between the rows (bareground or plastic mulch). Mechanically incorporate or irrigate Devrinol into the soil to a depth of 1 to 2 inches within 24 hours of application. See XT labels for information regarding delay in irrigation event.
Broadleaf signalgrass	Oxyfluorfen	111601	42874-03-3	Poor, 25-60%	Plasticulture only. Apply to the soil surface of pre-formed beds at least 30 days prior to transplanting crop. While incorporation is not necessary, it may result in less crop injury. Plastic mulch can be applied any time after application but best results are likely if applied soon after application.
Broadleaf signalgrass	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Broadleaf signalgrass	Pendimethalin	108501	40487-42-1	Good, 80-90%	Plasticulture in-row: May be applied as a preplant surface application or a preplant incorporated applcaition prior to transplanting tomato. Bareground in-row: May be applied as a broadcast preplant surface application or preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Post-directed spray: May be applied as a post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants, and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. PHI = 21 days. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. See label for further instructions and precautions.
Broadleaf signalgrass	S-Metolachlor	108800	87392-12-9	Excellent, 90-100%	Apply preplant or postdirected to transplants after the first settling rain or irrigation. In plasticulture, apply to preformed beds just prior to applying plastic mulch. Lower rates of rate range for S-metolachlor are safest to tomato. May also be used to treat row middles in bedded tomato. Minimize contact with crop. Also registered for use in row middles, and in seeded crop. See label for further instructions. PHI = 90 days.
Broadleaf signalgrass	Sethoxydim	121001	74051-80-2	Excellent, 90-100%	Apply to actively growing grasses not under drought stress, Add 1 qt of crop oil concentrate per acre. Adding crop oil to Poast may increase the likelihood of crop injury at high air temperatures. Do not apply Poasts on days that are unusuall hot and humid. PHI = 20 days.
Broadleaf signalgrass	Trifluralin	36101	1582-09-8	Good, 80-90%	Transplant tomato: Apply to pretransplant and incorporate into the soil 2 to 3 in. within 8 hr using a rototiller or tandem disk. Can be applied postplant as a directed spray to soil between the rows and beneath plants and then incorporated. Efficacy: No control (< 25%) in Florida.
Canada thistle	Metribuzin	101101	21087-64-9	Unknown	Preplant: Apply to soil surface and incorporate 2 to 4 in. deep before transplanting. See label for instructions. Postemergence: Use either as a broadcast or directed spray but do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i. with a broadcast spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed 1 lb a.i. per year. Do not apply as a broadcast spray unless 3 sunny days prior to application.
Canada thistle	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Unknown	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Canada thistle	Pendimethalin	108501	40487-42-1	Unknown	Preplant: Plasticulture in-row. May be applied as a preplant surface application or a preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Bareground-in-row. May be applied as a broadcast preplant surface application or preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Post-directed spray. May be applied as a post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants, and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply over the top of tomato. PHI = 21 days. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. See label for further instructions and precautions. Row Middles: Post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. See label for further instructions and precautions.
Canada thistle	Rimsulfuron	129009	122931-48-0	Unknown	Postemergence: Apply in tomatoes after the crop has at least two true leaves and weeds are small (1 in. or less) and actively growing. Add nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Do not apply within 45 days of tomato harvest. See label for further instruction.
Canada thistle	Trifluralin	36101	1582-09-8	Unknown	Preplant: Transplant tomato. Apply pretransplant and incorporate into the soil 2 to 3 in. within 8 hr using a rototiller or tandem disk. Can be applied postplant as a directed spray to soil between the row and beneath plants and then incorporated.
Common cocklebur	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Common cocklebur	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%	Product is registered, but there is limited experience with this product by University Extension programs or independant trials in our region. The active ingredient is simlar to the active ingredient in metam sodium products and is likely to behave in a similar manner.
Common cocklebur	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Common cocklebur	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Good, 80-90%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Common cocklebur	Halosulfuron-methyl	128721	100784-20-1	Excellent, 90-100%	Preplant: For pretransplant application under plastic mulch, apply to pre-formed bed just prior to plastic mulch application and delay transplanting at least 7 days. Can be applied for pretransplant application in bareground tomato. Early season application will give postemergence and preemergence control. The 1 oz rate is for preemergence and posteremergence control in row middles only. For postemergence applications, use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. PHI = 30 days. Post-emergence: Apply no sooner than 14 days after transplanting. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Some weeds, such as nutsedge, may require two applications of Sandea; if a second application is needed, spot-treat only weed-infested areas. See label for further. PHI = 30 days.
Common cocklebur	Imazosulfuron	118602	122548-33-8	Unknown	Preplant: Apply to planting beds before plastic is laid. Tomato may be transplanted 1 day after application. Refer to label for further application instructions. Consult label for approved surfactants and crop rotation restrictions. PHI = 21 days.
Common cocklebur	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Common cocklebur	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium. Preplant: Rates are dependent on soil type and weeds present. Apply when soil moisture is at field capacity (100 to 125%). Apply through soil injection using a rotary tiller or inject with knives no more than 4 in. apart; follow immediately with a roller to smooth and compact the soil surface or with mulch. May apply thrugh drip irrigation prior to planting a second crop on mulch; however, adhere to label guidelines on crop plant back interval. Plant back interval is often 14 to 21 days and can be 30 days in some environments. See label for all restrictions and additional information.
Common cocklebur	Metribuzin	101101	21087-64-9	Fair, 60-80%	Preplant: Apply to soil surface and incorporate 2 to 4 in. deep before transplanting. See label for instructions. Postemergence: Use either as a broadcast or directed spray but do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i. with a broadcast spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed 1 lb. a.i. per year. Do not apply as a broadcast spray unless 3 sunny day precede application.
Common cocklebur	Oxyfluorfen	111601	42874-03-3	Unknown	Preplant: Plasticulture only. Apply to soil surface of pre-formed beds at least 30 days prior to transplanting crop. While incorporation is not necessary, it may result in less crop injury. Plastic mulch can be applied any time after application but best results are likely if applied soon after application. Postemergence: Plasticulture (fallow beds) only. Apply to soil surface of pre-formed beds at least 30 days prior to transplanting crop. While incorporation is not necessary, it may result in less crop injury. Plastic mulch can be applied any time after application but best results are likely if applied soon after application.
Common cocklebur	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Good, 80-90%	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Common cocklebur	Trifloxysulfuron-sodium	119009	290332-10-4	Unknown	Postemergence: Apply post-directed to tomato grown on plastic for control of nutsedge and certain broadleaf weeds. Crop should be transplanted at least 14 days prior to application. The application should be made prior to fruit set and at least 45 days prior to harvest. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal spray solution with all applications. Row Middles: Crop should be transplanted at least 14 days prioro to application. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal spray solution with all applications. The application should be made prior to fruit set and least 45 days prior to harvest. See label for information on registered tank mixes. Tank mixtures with Select or Poast may resude grass control. See label for more information.
Common purslane	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Common purslane	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%	Product is registered, but there is limited experience with this product by University Extension programs or independant trials in our region. The active ingredient is simlar to the active ingredient in metam sodium products and is likely to behave in a similar manner.
Common purslane	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Common purslane	DCPA	78701	1861-32-1	Good, 80-90%	Apply over the top of transplants only between 4 to 6 wk after transplanting to improve preemergence control of late emerging weeds. Will not control emerge weeds. Note: DCPA is not often preferred as a control.
Common purslane	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Good, 80-90%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Common purslane	Fomesafen	123803	72178-02-0	Good, 80-90%	Preplant: This is a Section 24(c) special local needs label for transplanted tomato in NC. Growers must obtain the label at http://www.farmassist.com prior to making an application of Reflex. See label for further instructions. Plasticulture In-Row Application for Transplanted Tomato. Apply after final bed formation and the drip tape is laid but prior to laying plastic mulch. Avoid soil disturbance after application. Unless restricted by other products such as fumigants, tomato may be transplanted immediately following the application of Reflex and the application of the mulch. Bareground for Transplanted Tomato. Apply pretransplant up to 7 days prior to transplanting tomato. Weed control will be reduced if soil is disturbed after application. During the transplanting operation, make sure the soil in the transplant hole settles flush or above the surrounding soil surface. Avoid cultural practices that may concentrate Reflex-treated soil around the transplant root ball. An overhead irrgation or tainfall event between Reflex herbicide application and transplanting will ensure herbicide activation and will likely reduce the potential for crop injury due to splashing. Plasticulture Row Middle Application. Apply to row middles with a hooded or shielded sprayer. Avoid drift of herbicide on mulch. If drift occurs, 0.5 inch of rain or irrigation must occur prior to transplanting. Carryover is a large concern; see label for more information. Fomesafen is labeled in some states: North Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Working on label in Arkansas. Not in use in Tennessee. Not labeled in Kentucky but works well.
Common purslane	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Common purslane	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium. Preplant: Rates are dependent on soil type and weeds present. Apply when soil moisture is at field capacity (100 to 125%). Apply through soil injection using a rotary tiller or inject with knives no more than 4 in. apart; follow immediately with a roller to smooth and compact the soil surface or with mulch. May apply thrugh drip irrigation prior to planting a second crop on mulch; however, adhere to label guidelines on crop plant back interval. Plant back interval is often 14 to 21 days and can be 30 days in some environments. See label for all restrictions and additional information.
Common purslane	Metribuzin	101101	21087-64-9	Good to Excellent, 80-100%	Preplant: Apply to soil surface and incorporate 2 to 4 in. deep before transplanting. See label for instructions. Postemergence: Use either as a broadcast or directed spray but do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i. with a broadcast spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed 1 lb a.i. per year. Do not apply as a broadcast spray unless 3 sunny days prior to application. Efficacy: Good-excellent (80-100%) in North Carolina and Florida.
Common purslane	Napropamide	103001	15299-99-7	Good, 80-90%	Bareground: Apply preplant and incorporate into the soil 1 to 2 in. as soon as possible with a rototilleror tandem disk. Can be used on direct-seeded or transplanted tomatoes. See label for instructions on use. Plasticulture: Apply to a weed-free soil before laying plastic mulch. Soil should be well worked yet moist enough to permit a thorough incorporation to a depth of 2 inches. Mechanically incorporate or irrigate within 24 hours after application. If weed pressure is from small seeded annuals, apply to the surface of the bed immediately in front of the laying of plastic mulch. If soil is dry, water or sprinkle irrigate with sufficient water to wet to a depth of 2 to 4 inches before covering with plastic mulch. Between rows: Apply to a weed free soil surface between the rows (bareground or plastic mulch). Mechanically incorporate or irrigate Devrinol into the soil to a depth of 1 to 2 inches within 24 hours of application. See XT labels for information regarding delay in irrigation event.
Common purslane	Oxyfluorfen	111601	42874-03-3	Good, 80-90%	Plasticulture only. Apply to the soil surface of pre-formed beds at least 30 days prior to transplanting crop. While incorporation is not necessary, it may result in less crop injury. Plastic mulch can be applied any time after application but best results are likely if applied soon after application. Efficacy: Good (80-90%) in North Carolina and Florida.
Common purslane	Pendimethalin	108501	40487-42-1	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Preplant: Plasticulture in-row. May be applied as a preplant surface application or a preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Bareground-in-row. May be applied as a broadcast preplant surface application or preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Post-directed spray. May be applied as a post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants, and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply over the top of tomato. PHI = 21 days. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. See label for further instructions and precautions. Row Middles: Post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. See label for further instructions and precautions. Efficacy: Fair-good (50-90%) in Arkansas and Florida.
Common purslane	Rimsulfuron	129009	122931-48-0	Fair, 60-80%	Postemergence: Apply in tomatoes after the crop has at least two true leaves and weeds are small (1 in. or less) and actively growing. Add nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Do not apply within 45 days of tomato harvest. See label for further instruction.
Common purslane	S-Metolachlor	108800	87392-12-9	Excellent, 90-100%	Apply preplant or postdirected to transplants after the first settling rain or irrigation. In plasticulture, apply to preformed beds just prior to applying plastic mulch. Lower rates of rate range for S-metolachlor are safest to tomato. May also be used to treat row middles in bedded tomato. Minimize contact with crop. Also registered for use in row middles, and in seeded crop. See label for further instructions. PHI = 90 days. Efficacy: Good (80-90%) in Arkansas.
Common purslane	Trifluralin	36101	1582-09-8	Poor, 25-60%	Preplant: Transplant tomato. Apply pretransplant and incorporate into the soil 2 to 3 in. within 8 hr using a rototiller or tandem disk. Can be applied postplant as a directed spray to soil between the row and beneath plants and then incorporated. Efficacy: Poor (25-60%) in Florida, Tennessee, and North Carolina. It ranges from fair-good (50-90%) in Louisiana.
Corn spurry	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Corn spurry	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%	Product is registered, but there is limited experience with this product by University Extension programs or independant trials in our region. The active ingredient is simlar to the active ingredient in metam sodium products and is likely to behave in a similar manner.
Corn spurry	Carfentrazone-ethyl	128712	128639-02-1	Unknown	Transplanted crop. Apply no later than 1 day before transplanting. Seeded crop (Aim 2EC only). Apply no later than 7 days before planting seeded crop. Use a nonionic surfactant or crop oil with Aim. See label for rate. Coverage is essential for good weed control. Can be tank mixed with other registered burndown herbicides.
Corn spurry	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Corn spurry	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Good, 80-90%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Corn spurry	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Corn spurry	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Corn spurry	Napropamide	103001	15299-99-7	Unknown	Bareground: Apply preplant and incorporate into the soil 1 to 2 in. as soon as possible with a rototilleror tandem disk. Can be used on direct-seeded or transplanted tomatoes. See label for instructions on use. Plasticulture: Apply to a weed-free soil before laying plastic mulch. Soil should be well worked yet moist enough to permit a thorough incorporation to a depth of 2 inches. Mechanically incorporate or irrigate within 24 hours after application. If weed pressure is from small seeded annuals, apply to the surface of the bed immediately in front of the laying of plastic mulch. If soil is dry, water or sprinkle irrigate with sufficient water to wet to a depth of 2 to 4 inches before covering with plastic mulch. Between rows: Apply to a weed free soil surface between the rows (bareground or plastic mulch). Mechanically incorporate or irrigate Devrinol into the soil to a depth of 1 to 2 inches within 24 hours of application. See XT labels for information regarding delay in irrigation event.
Corn spurry	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Unknown	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Corn spurry	Pendimethalin	108501	40487-42-1	Unknown	Preplant: Plasticulture in-row. May be applied as a preplant surface application or a preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Bareground-in-row. May be applied as a broadcast preplant surface application or preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Post-directed spray. May be applied as a post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants, and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply over the top of tomato. PHI = 21 days. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. See label for further instructions and precautions. Row Middles: Post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. See label for further instructions and precautions.
Corn spurry	Trifluralin	36101	1582-09-8	Unknown	Preplant: Transplant tomato. Apply pretransplant and incorporate into the soil 2 to 3 in. within 8 hr using a rototiller or tandem disk. Can be applied postplant as a directed spray to soil between the row and beneath plants and then incorporated.
Cudweed	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Cudweed	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Unknown	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Curly dock	Metribuzin	101101	21087-64-9	Unknown	Preplant: Apply to soil surface and incorporate 2 to 4 in. deep before transplanting. See label for instructions. Postemergence: Use either as a broadcast or directed spray but do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i. with a broadcast spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed 1 lb a.i. per year. Do not apply as a broadcast spray unless 3 sunny days prior to application.
Curly dock	Oxyfluorfen	111601	42874-03-3	Unknown	Preplant: Plasticulture only. Apply to soil surface of pre-formed beds at least 30 days prior to transplanting crop. While incorporation is not necessary, it may result in less crop injury. Plastic mulch can be applied any time after application but best results are likely if applied soon after application. Postemergence: Plasticulture (fallow beds) only. Apply to soil surface of pre-formed beds at least 30 days prior to transplanting crop. While incorporation is not necessary, it may result in less crop injury. Plastic mulch can be applied any time after application but best results are likely if applied soon after application.
Curly dock	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Unknown	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Curly dock	Pendimethalin	108501	40487-42-1	Unknown	Preplant: Plasticulture in-row. May be applied as a preplant surface application or a preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Bareground-in-row. May be applied as a broadcast preplant surface application or preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Post-directed spray. May be applied as a post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants, and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply over the top of tomato. PHI = 21 days. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. See label for further instructions and precautions. Row Middles: Post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. See label for further instructions and precautions.
Curly dock	Rimsulfuron	129009	122931-48-0	Unknown	Postemergence: Apply in tomatoes after the crop has at least two true leaves and weeds are small (1 in. or less) and actively growing. Add nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Do not apply within 45 days of tomato harvest. See label for further instruction.
Curly dock	S-Metolachlor	108800	87392-12-9	Unknown	Apply preplant or postdirected to transplants after the first settling rain or irrigation. In plasticulture, apply to preformed beds just prior to applying plastic mulch. Lower rates of rate range for S-metolachlor are safest to tomato. May also be used to treat row middles in bedded tomato. Minimize contact with crop. Also registered for use in row middles, and in seeded crop. See label for further instructions. PHI = 90 days.
Curly dock	Trifluralin	36101	1582-09-8	Unknown	Preplant: Transplant tomato. Apply pretransplant and incorporate into the soil 2 to 3 in. within 8 hr using a rototiller or tandem disk. Can be applied postplant as a directed spray to soil between the row and beneath plants and then incorporated.
Eastern black nightshade	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Eastern black nightshade	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%	Product is registered, but there is limited experience with this product by University Extension programs or independant trials in our region. The active ingredient is simlar to the active ingredient in metam sodium products and is likely to behave in a similar manner.
Eastern black nightshade	Carfentrazone-ethyl	128712	128639-02-1	Good, 80-90%	Transplanted crop. Apply no later than 1 day before transplanting. Seeded crop (Aim 2EC only). Apply no later than 7 days before planting seeded crop. Use a nonionic surfactant or crop oil with Aim. See label for rate. Coverage is essential for good weed control. Can be tank mixed with other registered burndown herbicides.
Eastern black nightshade	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Eastern black nightshade	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Good, 80-90%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Eastern black nightshade	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Eastern black nightshade	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Eastern black nightshade	Metribuzin	101101	21087-64-9	Poor, 25-60%	Preplant: Apply to soil surface and incorporate 2 to 4 in. deep before transplanting. See label for instructions. Postemergence: Use either as a broadcast or directed spray but do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i. with a broadcast spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed 1 lb a.i. per year. Do not apply as a broadcast spray unless 3 sunny days prior to application. Note: Eastern black nightshade has a known resistance to metribuzin in Florida.
Eastern black nightshade	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Good, 80-90%	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Eastern black nightshade	Pendimethalin	108501	40487-42-1	Poor, 25-60%	Preplant: Plasticulture in-row. May be applied as a preplant surface application or a preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Bareground-in-row. May be applied as a broadcast preplant surface application or preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Post-directed spray. May be applied as a post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants, and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply over the top of tomato. PHI = 21 days. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. See label for further instructions and precautions. Row Middles: Post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. See label for further instructions and precautions.
Eastern black nightshade	Rimsulfuron	129009	122931-48-0	Poor, 25-60%	Postemergence: Apply in tomatoes after the crop has at least two true leaves and weeds are small (1 in. or less) and actively growing. Add nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Do not apply within 45 days of tomato harvest. See label for further instruction.
Eastern black nightshade	S-Metolachlor	108800	87392-12-9	Fair, 60-80%	Apply preplant or postdirected to transplants after the first settling rain or irrigation. In plasticulture, apply to preformed beds just prior to applying plastic mulch. Lower rates of rate range for S-metolachlor are safest to tomato. May also be used to treat row middles in bedded tomato. Minimize contact with crop. Also registered for use in row middles, and in seeded crop. See label for further instructions. PHI = 90 days.
Eastern black nightshade	Trifluralin	36101	1582-09-8	Poor, 25-60%	Preplant: Transplant tomato. Apply pretransplant and incorporate into the soil 2 to 3 in. within 8 hr using a rototiller or tandem disk. Can be applied postplant as a directed spray to soil between the row and beneath plants and then incorporated.
Eclipta	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Eclipta	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%	Product is registered, but there is limited experience with this product by University Extension programs or independant trials in our region. The active ingredient is simlar to the active ingredient in metam sodium products and is likely to behave in a similar manner.
Eclipta	Carfentrazone-ethyl	128712	128639-02-1	Unknown	Transplanted crop. Apply no later than 1 day before transplanting. Seeded crop (Aim 2EC only). Apply no later than 7 days before planting seeded crop. Use a nonionic surfactant or crop oil with Aim. See label for rate. Coverage is essential for good weed control. Can be tank mixed with other registered burndown herbicides.
Eclipta	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Eclipta	Clethodim	121011	99129-21-2	Unknown	Postemergence: Apply to actively growing grasses not suffering from drought stress. With Arrow, Clethodim, or Select, add a crop oil concentrate at 1% by volume (1 gal per 100 gal spray mix). With Select Max, add 2 pt of nonionic surfactant per 100 gal spray mixture. Adding crop oil may increase the likelihood of crop injury at high air temperature. Do not apply on unusually hot and humid days. Very effective in controlling annual bluegrass. PHI = 20 days.
Eclipta	DCPA	78701	1861-32-1	Unknown	Apply over the top of transplants only between 4 to 6 wk after transplanting to improve preemergence control of late emerging weeds. Will not control emerge weeds.
Eclipta	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Good, 80-90%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Eclipta	Fomesafen	123803	72178-02-0	Unknown	Preplant: This is a Section 24(c) special local needs label for transplanted tomato in NC. Growers must obtain the label at http://www.farmassist.com prior to making an application of Reflex. See label for further instructions. Plasticulture In-Row Application for Transplanted Tomato. Apply after final bed formation and the drip tape is laid but prior to laying plastic mulch. Avoid soil disturbance after application. Unless restricted by other products such as fumigants, tomato may be transplanted immediately following the application of Reflex and the application of the mulch. Bareground for Transplanted Tomato. Apply pretransplant up to 7 days prior to transplanting tomato. Weed control will be reduced if soil is disturbed after application. During the transplanting operation, make sure the soil in the transplant hole settles flush or above the surrounding soil surface. Avoid cultural practices that may concentrate Reflex-treated soil around the transplant root ball. An overhead irrgation or tainfall event between Reflex herbicide application and transplanting will ensure herbicide activation and will likely reduce the potential for crop injury due to splashing. Plasticulture Row Middle Application. Apply to row middles with a hooded or shielded sprayer. Avoid drift of herbicide on mulch. If drift occurs, 0.5 inch of rain or irrigation must occur prior to transplanting. Carryover is a large concern; see label for more information.
Eclipta	Halosulfuron-methyl	128721	100784-20-1	Unknown	Preplant: For pretransplant application under plastic mulch, apply to pre-formed bed just prior to plastic mulch application and delay transplanting at least 7 days. Can be applied for pretransplant application in bareground tomato. Early season application will give postemergence and preemergence control. The 1 oz rate is for preemergence and posteremergence control in row middles only. For postemergence applications, use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. PHI = 30 days. Post-emergence: Apply no sooner than 14 days after transplanting. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Some weeds, such as nutsedge, may require two applications of Sandea; if a second application is needed, spot-treat only weed-infested areas. See label for further. PHI = 30 days.
Eclipta	Imazosulfuron	118602	122548-33-8	Unknown	Preplant: Apply to planting beds before plastic is laid. Tomato may be transplanted 1 day after application. Refer to label for further application instructions. Consult label for approved surfactants and crop rotation restrictions. PHI = 21 days.
Eclipta	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Eclipta	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium. Preplant: Rates are dependent on soil type and weeds present. Apply when soil moisture is at field capacity (100 to 125%). Apply through soil injection using a rotary tiller or inject with knives no more than 4 in. apart; follow immediately with a roller to smooth and compact the soil surface or with mulch. May apply thrugh drip irrigation prior to planting a second crop on mulch; however, adhere to label guidelines on crop plant back interval. Plant back interval is often 14 to 21 days and can be 30 days in some environments. See label for all restrictions and additional information.
Eclipta	Metribuzin	101101	21087-64-9	Unknown	Preplant: Apply to soil surface and incorporate 2 to 4 in. deep before transplanting. See label for instructions. Postemergence: Use either as a broadcast or directed spray but do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i. with a broadcast spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed 1 lb a.i. per year. Do not apply as a broadcast spray unless 3 sunny days prior to application.
Eclipta	Napropamide	103001	15299-99-7	Unknown	Preplant: Bareground. Apply preplant and incorporate into the soil 1 to 2 in. as soon as possible with with a rototiller or tandem disk. Can be used on direct-seeded or transplanted tomatoes. See label for instructions on use. Plasticulture: Apply to a weed-free soil before laying plastic mulch. Soil should be well worked yet moist enough to permit a thorough incorporation to a depth of 2 inches. Mechanically incorporate or irrigate within 24 hours after application. If weed pressure is from small seeded annuals, apply to the surface of the bed immediately in front of the laying of plastic mulch. If soil is dry, water or sprinkle irrigate with sufficient water to wet to a depth of 2 to 4 inches before covering with plastic mulch. Between rows: Apply to a weed free soil surface between the rows (bareground or plastic mulch). Mechanically incorporate or irrigate Devrinol into the soil to a depth of 1 to 2 inches within 24 hours of application. See XT labels for information regarding delay in irrigation event. Row Middles: Plasticulture. Apply to a weed-free soil surface. Apply within 24 hours of rainfall, or mechanically incorporate or irrigate into the soil to a depth of 1 to 2 in.
Eclipta	Oxyfluorfen	111601	42874-03-3	Unknown	Preplant: Plasticulture only. Apply to soil surface of pre-formed beds at least 30 days prior to transplanting crop. While incorporation is not necessary, it may result in less crop injury. Plastic mulch can be applied any time after application but best results are likely if applied soon after application. Postemergence: Plasticulture (fallow beds) only. Apply to soil surface of pre-formed beds at least 30 days prior to transplanting crop. While incorporation is not necessary, it may result in less crop injury. Plastic mulch can be applied any time after application but best results are likely if applied soon after application.
Eclipta	Rimsulfuron	129009	122931-48-0	Unknown	Postemergence: Apply in tomatoes after the crop has at least two true leaves and weeds are small (1 in. or less) and actively growing. Add nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Do not apply within 45 days of tomato harvest. See label for further instruction.
Eclipta	S-Metolachlor	108800	87392-12-9	Unknown	Apply preplant or postdirected to transplants after the first settling rain or irrigation. In plasticulture, apply to preformed beds just prior to applying plastic mulch. Lower rates of rate range for S-metolachlor are safest to tomato. May also be used to treat row middles in bedded tomato. Minimize contact with crop. Also registered for use in row middles, and in seeded crop. See label for further instructions. PHI = 90 days.
Eclipta	Trifluralin	36101	1582-09-8	Unknown	Preplant: Transplant tomato. Apply pretransplant and incorporate into the soil 2 to 3 in. within 8 hr using a rototiller or tandem disk. Can be applied postplant as a directed spray to soil between the row and beneath plants and then incorporated.
Florida beggarweed	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Florida beggarweed	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%	Product is registered, but there is limited experience with this product by University Extension programs or independant trials in our region. The active ingredient is simlar to the active ingredient in metam sodium products and is likely to behave in a similar manner.
Florida beggarweed	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Florida beggarweed	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Good, 80-90%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Florida beggarweed	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Florida beggarweed	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Florida beggarweed	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Unknown	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Florida beggarweed	S-Metolachlor	108800	87392-12-9	Unknown	Apply preplant or postdirected to transplants after the first settling rain or irrigation. In plasticulture, apply to preformed beds just prior to applying plastic mulch. Lower rates of rate range for S-metolachlor are safest to tomato. May also be used to treat row middles in bedded tomato. Minimize contact with crop. Also registered for use in row middles, and in seeded crop. See label for further instructions. PHI = 90 days.
Goosegrass	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Goosegrass	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%	Product is registered, but there is limited experience with this product by University Extension programs or independant trials in our region. The active ingredient is simlar to the active ingredient in metam sodium products and is likely to behave in a similar manner.
Goosegrass	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Goosegrass	DCPA	78701	1861-32-1	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Apply over the top of transplants only between 4 to 6 wk after transplanting to improve preemergence control of late emerging weeds. Will not control emerge weeds.
Goosegrass	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Good, 80-90%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Goosegrass	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Goosegrass	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Goosegrass	Metribuzin	101101	21087-64-9	Fair, 60-80%	Preplant: Apply to soil surface and incorporate 2 to 4 in. deep before transplanting. See label for instructions. Postemergence: Use either as a broadcast or directed spray but do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i. with a broadcast spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed 1 lb a.i. per year. Do not apply as a broadcast spray unless 3 sunny days prior to application.
Goosegrass	Napropamide	103001	15299-99-7	Good, 80-90%	Bareground: Apply preplant and incorporate into the soil 1 to 2 in. as soon as possible with a rototilleror tandem disk. Can be used on direct-seeded or transplanted tomatoes. See label for instructions on use. Plasticulture: Apply to a weed-free soil before laying plastic mulch. Soil should be well worked yet moist enough to permit a thorough incorporation to a depth of 2 inches. Mechanically incorporate or irrigate within 24 hours after application. If weed pressure is from small seeded annuals, apply to the surface of the bed immediately in front of the laying of plastic mulch. If soil is dry, water or sprinkle irrigate with sufficient water to wet to a depth of 2 to 4 inches before covering with plastic mulch. Between rows: Apply to a weed free soil surface between the rows (bareground or plastic mulch). Mechanically incorporate or irrigate Devrinol into the soil to a depth of 1 to 2 inches within 24 hours of application. See XT labels for information regarding delay in irrigation event.
Goosegrass	Oxyfluorfen	111601	42874-03-3	Poor, 25-60%	Plasticulture only. Apply to the soil surface of pre-formed beds at least 30 days prior to transplanting crop. While incorporation is not necessary, it may result in less crop injury. Plastic mulch can be applied any time after application but best results are likely if applied soon after application.
Goosegrass	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Goosegrass	Pendimethalin	108501	40487-42-1	Good, 80-90%	Preplant: Plasticulture in-row. May be applied as a preplant surface application or a preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Bareground-in-row. May be applied as a broadcast preplant surface application or preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Post-directed spray. May be applied as a post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants, and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply over the top of tomato. PHI = 21 days. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. See label for further instructions and precautions. Row Middles: Post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. See label for further instructions and precautions.
Goosegrass	Rimsulfuron	129009	122931-48-0	Poor, 25-60%	Postemergence: Apply in tomatoes after the crop has at least two true leaves and weeds are small (1 in. or less) and actively growing. Add nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Do not apply within 45 days of tomato harvest. See label for further instruction.
Goosegrass	S-Metolachlor	108800	87392-12-9	Good, 80-90%	Apply preplant or postdirected to transplants after the first settling rain or irrigation. In plasticulture, apply to preformed beds just prior to applying plastic mulch. Lower rates of rate range for S-metolachlor are safest to tomato. May also be used to treat row middles in bedded tomato. Minimize contact with crop. Also registered for use in row middles, and in seeded crop. See label for further instructions. PHI = 90 days.
Goosegrass	Sethoxydim	121001	74051-80-2	Good, 80-90%	Postemergence: Apply to actively growing grasses not under drought stress. Add 1 qt of crop oil concentrate per acre. Adding crop oil to Poast may increase the likelihood of crop injury at high air temperatures. Do not apply Poast on days that are unusually hot and humid. PHI = 20 days.
Goosegrass	Trifluralin	36101	1582-09-8	Good, 80-90%	Preplant: Transplant tomato. Apply pretransplant and incorporate into the soil 2 to 3 in. within 8 hr using a rototiller or tandem disk. Can be applied postplant as a directed spray to soil between the row and beneath plants and then incorporated.
Hairy galinsoga	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Hairy galinsoga	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%	Product is registered, but there is limited experience with this product by University Extension programs or independant trials in our region. The active ingredient is simlar to the active ingredient in metam sodium products and is likely to behave in a similar manner.
Hairy galinsoga	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Hairy galinsoga	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Good, 80-90%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Hairy galinsoga	Halosulfuron-methyl	128721	100784-20-1	Good, 80-90%	Preplant: For pretransplant application under plastic mulch, apply to pre-formed bed just prior to plastic mulch application and delay transplanting at least 7 days. Can be applied for pretransplant application in bareground tomato. Early season application will give postemergence and preemergence control. The 1 oz rate is for preemergence and posteremergence control in row middles only. For postemergence applications, use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. PHI = 30 days. Post-emergence: Apply no sooner than 14 days after transplanting. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Some weeds, such as nutsedge, may require two applications of Sandea; if a second application is needed, spot-treat only weed-infested areas. See label for further. PHI = 30 days.
Hairy galinsoga	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Hairy galinsoga	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Hairy galinsoga	Metribuzin	101101	21087-64-9	Good, 80-90%	Preplant: Apply to soil surface and incorporate 2 to 4 in. deep before transplanting. See label for instructions. Postemergence: Use either as a broadcast or directed spray but do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i. with a broadcast spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed 1 lb a.i. per year. Do not apply as a broadcast spray unless 3 sunny days prior to application.
Hairy galinsoga	Napropamide	103001	15299-99-7	Poor to Fair, 25-80%	Bareground: Apply preplant and incorporate into the soil 1 to 2 in. as soon as possible with a rototilleror tandem disk. Can be used on direct-seeded or transplanted tomatoes. See label for instructions on use. Plasticulture: Apply to a weed-free soil before laying plastic mulch. Soil should be well worked yet moist enough to permit a thorough incorporation to a depth of 2 inches. Mechanically incorporate or irrigate within 24 hours after application. If weed pressure is from small seeded annuals, apply to the surface of the bed immediately in front of the laying of plastic mulch. If soil is dry, water or sprinkle irrigate with sufficient water to wet to a depth of 2 to 4 inches before covering with plastic mulch. Between rows: Apply to a weed free soil surface between the rows (bareground or plastic mulch). Mechanically incorporate or irrigate Devrinol into the soil to a depth of 1 to 2 inches within 24 hours of application. See XT labels for information regarding delay in irrigation event.
Hairy galinsoga	Oxyfluorfen	111601	42874-03-3	Fair, 60-80%	Plasticulture only. Apply to the soil surface of pre-formed beds at least 30 days prior to transplanting crop. While incorporation is not necessary, it may result in less crop injury. Plastic mulch can be applied any time after application but best results are likely if applied soon after application.
Hairy galinsoga	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Good, 80-90%	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Hairy galinsoga	Rimsulfuron	129009	122931-48-0	Good, 80-90%	Postemergence: Apply in tomatoes after the crop has at least two true leaves and weeds are small (1 in. or less) and actively growing. Add nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Do not apply within 45 days of tomato harvest. See label for further instruction.
Hairy galinsoga	S-Metolachlor	108800	87392-12-9	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Apply preplant or postdirected to transplants after the first settling rain or irrigation. In plasticulture, apply to preformed beds just prior to applying plastic mulch. Lower rates of rate range for S-metolachlor are safest to tomato. May also be used to treat row middles in bedded tomato. Minimize contact with crop. Also registered for use in row middles, and in seeded crop. See label for further instructions. PHI = 90 days.
Horsenettle	Carfentrazone-ethyl	128712	128639-02-1	Unknown	Transplanted crop. Apply no later than 1 day before transplanting. Seeded crop (Aim 2EC only). Apply no later than 7 days before planting seeded crop. Use a nonionic surfactant or crop oil with Aim. See label for rate. Coverage is essential for good weed control. Can be tank mixed with other registered burndown herbicides.
Horsenettle	Metribuzin	101101	21087-64-9	Unknown	Preplant: Apply to soil surface and incorporate 2 to 4 in. deep before transplanting. See label for instructions. Postemergence: Use either as a broadcast or directed spray but do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i. with a broadcast spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed 1 lb a.i. per year. Do not apply as a broadcast spray unless 3 sunny days prior to application.
Horsenettle	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Unknown	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Horsenettle	Pendimethalin	108501	40487-42-1	Unknown	Preplant: Plasticulture in-row. May be applied as a preplant surface application or a preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Bareground-in-row. May be applied as a broadcast preplant surface application or preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Post-directed spray. May be applied as a post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants, and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply over the top of tomato. PHI = 21 days. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. See label for further instructions and precautions. Row Middles: Post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. See label for further instructions and precautions.
Horsenettle	Rimsulfuron	129009	122931-48-0	Unknown	Postemergence: Apply in tomatoes after the crop has at least two true leaves and weeds are small (1 in. or less) and actively growing. Add nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Do not apply within 45 days of tomato harvest. See label for further instruction.
Horsenettle	S-Metolachlor	108800	87392-12-9	Unknown	Apply preplant or postdirected to transplants after the first settling rain or irrigation. In plasticulture, apply to preformed beds just prior to applying plastic mulch. Lower rates of rate range for S-metolachlor are safest to tomato. May also be used to treat row middles in bedded tomato. Minimize contact with crop. Also registered for use in row middles, and in seeded crop. See label for further instructions. PHI = 90 days.
Horsenettle	Trifluralin	36101	1582-09-8	Unknown	Preplant: Transplant tomato. Apply pretransplant and incorporate into the soil 2 to 3 in. within 8 hr using a rototiller or tandem disk. Can be applied postplant as a directed spray to soil between the row and beneath plants and then incorporated.
Johnsongrass	Clethodim	121011	99129-21-2	Unknown	Postemergence: Apply to actively growing grasses not suffering from drought stress. With Arrow, Clethodim, or Select, add a crop oil concentrate at 1% by volume (1 gal per 100 gal spray mix). With Select Max, add 2 pt of nonionic surfactant per 100 gal spray mixture. Adding crop oil may increase the likelihood of crop injury at high air temperature. Do not apply on unusually hot and humid days. Very effective in controlling annual bluegrass. PHI = 20 days.
Johnsongrass	DCPA	78701	1861-32-1	Fair, 60-80%	Apply over the top of transplants only between 4 to 6 wk after transplanting to improve preemergence control of late emerging weeds. Will not control emerge weeds.
Johnsongrass	Imazosulfuron	118602	122548-33-8	Unknown	Preplant: Apply to planting beds before plastic is laid. Tomato may be transplanted 1 day after application. Refer to label for further application instructions. Consult label for approved surfactants and crop rotation restrictions. PHI = 21 days.
Johnsongrass	Napropamide	103001	15299-99-7	Good, 80-90%	Preplant: Bareground. Apply preplant and incorporate into the soil 1 to 2 in. as soon as possible with with a rototiller or tandem disk. Can be used on direct-seeded or transplanted tomatoes. See label for instructions on use. Plasticulture: Apply to a weed-free soil before laying plastic mulch. Soil should be well worked yet moist enough to permit a thorough incorporation to a depth of 2 inches. Mechanically incorporate or irrigate within 24 hours after application. If weed pressure is from small seeded annuals, apply to the surface of the bed immediately in front of the laying of plastic mulch. If soil is dry, water or sprinkle irrigate with sufficient water to wet to a depth of 2 to 4 inches before covering with plastic mulch. Between rows: Apply to a weed free soil surface between the rows (bareground or plastic mulch). Mechanically incorporate or irrigate Devrinol into the soil to a depth of 1 to 2 inches within 24 hours of application. See XT labels for information regarding delay in irrigation event. Row Middles: Plasticulture. Apply to a weed-free soil surface. Apply within 24 hours of rainfall, or mechanically incorporate or irrigate into the soil to a depth of 1 to 2 in.
Johnsongrass	Pendimethalin	108501	40487-42-1	Good, 80-90%	Preplant: Plasticulture in-row. May be applied as a preplant surface application or a preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Bareground-in-row. May be applied as a broadcast preplant surface application or preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Post-directed spray. May be applied as a post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants, and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply over the top of tomato. PHI = 21 days. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. See label for further instructions and precautions. Row Middles: Post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. See label for further instructions and precautions.
Johnsongrass	S-Metolachlor	108800	87392-12-9	Good, 80-90%	Apply preplant or postdirected to transplants after the first settling rain or irrigation. In plasticulture, apply to preformed beds just prior to applying plastic mulch. Lower rates of rate range for S-metolachlor are safest to tomato. May also be used to treat row middles in bedded tomato. Minimize contact with crop. Also registered for use in row middles, and in seeded crop. See label for further instructions. PHI = 90 days. S-metalochlor used in Arkansas.
Johnsongrass	Sethoxydim	121001	74051-80-2	Good, 80-90%	Postemergence: Apply to actively growing grasses not under drought stress. Add 1 qt of crop oil concentrate per acre. Adding crop oil to Poast may increase the likelihood of crop injury at high air temperatures. Do not apply Poast on days that are unusually hot and humid. PHI = 20 days. *Poast used in SC: application timing is critical.
Johnsongrass	Trifluralin	36101	1582-09-8	Good, 80-90%	Transplant tomato: Apply to pretransplant and incorporate into the soil 2 to 3 in. within 8 hr using a rototiller or tandem disk. Can be applied postplant as a directed spray to soil between the rows and beneath plants and then incorporated.
Lambsquarters	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Lambsquarters	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%	Product is registered, but there is limited experience with this product by University Extension programs or independant trials in our region. The active ingredient is simlar to the active ingredient in metam sodium products and is likely to behave in a similar manner.
Lambsquarters	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Lambsquarters	DCPA	78701	1861-32-1	Good, 80-90%	Apply over the top of transplants only between 4 to 6 wk after transplanting to improve preemergence control of late emerging weeds. Will not control emerge weeds.
Lambsquarters	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Good, 80-90%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Lambsquarters	Halosulfuron-methyl	128721	100784-20-1	Fair, 60-80%	Preplant: For pretransplant application under plastic mulch, apply to pre-formed bed just prior to plastic mulch application and delay transplanting at least 7 days. Can be applied for pretransplant application in bareground tomato. Early season application will give postemergence and preemergence control. The 1 oz rate is for preemergence and posteremergence control in row middles only. For postemergence applications, use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. PHI = 30 days. Post-emergence: Apply no sooner than 14 days after transplanting. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Some weeds, such as nutsedge, may require two applications of Sandea; if a second application is needed, spot-treat only weed-infested areas. See label for further. PHI = 30 days. Sandea has rotational crop restrictions.
Lambsquarters	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Lambsquarters	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Lambsquarters	Metribuzin	101101	21087-64-9	Good, 80-90%	Preplant: Apply to soil surface and incorporate 2 to 4 in. deep before transplanting. See label for instructions. Postemergence: Use either as a broadcast or directed spray but do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i. with a broadcast spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed 1 lb a.i. per year. Do not apply as a broadcast spray unless 3 sunny days prior to application.
Lambsquarters	Napropamide	103001	15299-99-7	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Preplant: Bareground. Apply preplant and incorporate into the soil 1 to 2 in. as soon as possible with with a rototiller or tandem disk. Can be used on direct-seeded or transplanted tomatoes. See label for instructions on use. Plasticulture: Apply to a weed-free soil before laying plastic mulch. Soil should be well worked yet moist enough to permit a thorough incorporation to a depth of 2 inches. Mechanically incorporate or irrigate within 24 hours after application. If weed pressure is from small seeded annuals, apply to the surface of the bed immediately in front of the laying of plastic mulch. If soil is dry, water or sprinkle irrigate with sufficient water to wet to a depth of 2 to 4 inches before covering with plastic mulch. Between rows: Apply to a weed free soil surface between the rows (bareground or plastic mulch). Mechanically incorporate or irrigate Devrinol into the soil to a depth of 1 to 2 inches within 24 hours of application. See XT labels for information regarding delay in irrigation event. Row Middles: Plasticulture. Apply to a weed-free soil surface. Apply within 24 hours of rainfall, or mechanically incorporate or irrigate into the soil to a depth of 1 to 2 in.
Lambsquarters	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Lambsquarters	Pendimethalin	108501	40487-42-1	Unknown	Preplant: Plasticulture in-row. May be applied as a preplant surface application or a preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Bareground-in-row. May be applied as a broadcast preplant surface application or preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Post-directed spray. May be applied as a post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants, and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply over the top of tomato. PHI = 21 days. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. See label for further instructions and precautions. Row Middles: Post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. See label for further instructions and precautions.
Lambsquarters	Trifloxysulfuron-sodium	119009	290332-10-4	Unknown	Postemergence: Apply post-directed to tomato grown on plastic for control of nutsedge and certain broadleaf weeds. Crop should be transplanted at least 14 days prior to application. The application should be made prior to fruit set and at least 45 days prior to harvest. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal spray solution with all applications. Row Middles: Crop should be transplanted at least 14 days prioro to application. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal spray solution with all applications. The application should be made prior to fruit set and least 45 days prior to harvest. See label for information on registered tank mixes. Tank mixtures with Select or Poast may resude grass control. See label for more information. *Minor use in Florida.
Lambsquarters	Trifluralin	36101	1582-09-8	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Transplant tomato: Apply to pretransplant and incorporate into the soil 2 to 3 in. within 8 hr using a rototiller or tandem disk. Can be applied postplant as a directed spray to soil between the rows and beneath plants and then incorporated.
Large crabgrass	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Large crabgrass	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%	Product is registered, but there is limited experience with this product by University Extension programs or independant trials in our region. The active ingredient is simlar to the active ingredient in metam sodium products and is likely to behave in a similar manner.
Large crabgrass	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Large crabgrass	DCPA	78701	1861-32-1	Good, 80-90%	Apply over the top of transplants only between 4 to 6 wk after transplanting to improve preemergence control of late emerging weeds. Will not control emerge weeds.
Large crabgrass	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Good, 80-90%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Large crabgrass	Halosulfuron-methyl	128721	100784-20-1	No Control, <25%	Preplant: For pretransplant application under plastic mulch, apply to pre-formed bed just prior to plastic mulch application and delay transplanting at least 7 days. Can be applied for pretransplant application in bareground tomato. Early season application will give postemergence and preemergence control. The 1 oz rate is for preemergence and posteremergence control in row middles only. For postemergence applications, use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. PHI = 30 days. Post-emergence: Apply no sooner than 14 days after transplanting. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Some weeds, such as nutsedge, may require two applications of Sandea; if a second application is needed, spot-treat only weed-infested areas. See label for further. PHI = 30 days.
Large crabgrass	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Large crabgrass	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Large crabgrass	Metribuzin	101101	21087-64-9	Fair, 60-80%	Preplant: Apply to soil surface and incorporate 2 to 4 in. deep before transplanting. See label for instructions. Postemergence: Use either as a broadcast or directed spray but do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i. with a broadcast spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed 1 lb. a.i. per year. Do not apply as a broadcast spray unless 3 sunny day precede application.
Large crabgrass	Napropamide	103001	15299-99-7	Good, 80-90%	Bareground: Apply preplant and incorporate into the soil 1 to 2 in. as soon as possible with a rototilleror tandem disk. Can be used on direct-seeded or transplanted tomatoes. See label for instructions on use. Plasticulture: Apply to a weed-free soil before laying plastic mulch. Soil should be well worked yet moist enough to permit a thorough incorporation to a depth of 2 inches. Mechanically incorporate or irrigate within 24 hours after application. If weed pressure is from small seeded annuals, apply to the surface of the bed immediately in front of the laying of plastic mulch. If soil is dry, water or sprinkle irrigate with sufficient water to wet to a depth of 2 to 4 inches before covering with plastic mulch. Between rows: Apply to a weed free soil surface between the rows (bareground or plastic mulch). Mechanically incorporate or irrigate Devrinol into the soil to a depth of 1 to 2 inches within 24 hours of application. See XT labels for information regarding delay in irrigation event.
Large crabgrass	Oxyfluorfen	111601	42874-03-3	Poor, 25-60%	Plasticulture only. Apply to the soil surface of pre-formed beds at least 30 days prior to transplanting crop. While incorporation is not necessary, it may result in less crop injury. Plastic mulch can be applied any time after application but best results are likely if applied soon after application.
Large crabgrass	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Large crabgrass	Pendimethalin	108501	40487-42-1	Good, 80-90%	Preplant: Plasticulture in-row. May be applied as a preplant surface application or a preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Bareground-in-row. May be applied as a broadcast preplant surface application or preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Post-directed spray. May be applied as a post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants, and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply over the top of tomato. PHI = 21 days. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. See label for further instructions and precautions. Row Middles: Post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. See label for further instructions and precautions.
Large crabgrass	Rimsulfuron	129009	122931-48-0	Poor to Fair, 25-80%	Postemergence: Apply in tomatoes after the crop has at least two true leaves and weeds are small (1 in. or less) and actively growing. Add nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Do not apply within 45 days of tomato harvest. See label for further instruction.
Large crabgrass	S-Metolachlor	108800	87392-12-9	Good, 80-90%	Apply preplant or postdirected to transplants after the first settling rain or irrigation. In plasticulture, apply to preformed beds just prior to applying plastic mulch. Lower rates of rate range for S-metolachlor are safest to tomato. May also be used to treat row middles in bedded tomato. Minimize contact with crop. Also registered for use in row middles, and in seeded crop. See label for further instructions. PHI = 90 days.
Large crabgrass	Sethoxydim	121001	74051-80-2	Good, 80-90%	Apply to actively growing grasses not under drought stress, Add 1 qt of crop oil concentrate per acre. Adding crop oil to Poast may increase the likelihood of crop injury at high air temperatures. Do not apply Poasts on days that are unusuall hot and humid. PHI = 20 days.
Large crabgrass	Trifluralin	36101	1582-09-8	Good, 80-90%	Preplant: Transplant tomato. Apply pretransplant and incorporate into the soil 2 to 3 in. within 8 hr using a rototiller or tandem disk. Can be applied postplant as a directed spray to soil between the row and beneath plants and then incorporated.
Morningglory	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Morningglory	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%	Product is registered, but there is limited experience with this product by University Extension programs or independant trials in our region. The active ingredient is simlar to the active ingredient in metam sodium products and is likely to behave in a similar manner.
Morningglory	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Morningglory	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Good, 80-90%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Morningglory	Fomesafen	123803	72178-02-0	Good, 80-90%	Preplant: This is a Section 24(c) special local needs label for transplanted tomato in NC. Growers must obtain the label at http://www.farmassist.com prior to making an application of Reflex. See label for further instructions. Plasticulture In-Row Application for Transplanted Tomato. Apply after final bed formation and the drip tape is laid but prior to laying plastic mulch. Avoid soil disturbance after application. Unless restricted by other products such as fumigants, tomato may be transplanted immediately following the application of Reflex and the application of the mulch. Bareground for Transplanted Tomato. Apply pretransplant up to 7 days prior to transplanting tomato. Weed control will be reduced if soil is disturbed after application. During the transplanting operation, make sure the soil in the transplant hole settles flush or above the surrounding soil surface. Avoid cultural practices that may concentrate Reflex-treated soil around the transplant root ball. An overhead irrgation or tainfall event between Reflex herbicide application and transplanting will ensure herbicide activation and will likely reduce the potential for crop injury due to splashing. Plasticulture Row Middle Application. Apply to row middles with a hooded or shielded sprayer. Avoid drift of herbicide on mulch. If drift occurs, 0.5 inch of rain or irrigation must occur prior to transplanting. Carryover is a large concern; see label for more information.
Morningglory	Halosulfuron-methyl	128721	100784-20-1	Fair, 60-80%	Preplant: For pretransplant application under plastic mulch, apply to pre-formed bed just prior to plastic mulch application and delay transplanting at least 7 days. Can be applied for pretransplant application in bareground tomato. Early season application will give postemergence and preemergence control. The 1 oz rate is for preemergence and posteremergence control in row middles only. For postemergence applications, use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. PHI = 30 days. Post-emergence: Apply no sooner than 14 days after transplanting. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Some weeds, such as nutsedge, may require two applications of Sandea; if a second application is needed, spot-treat only weed-infested areas. See label for further. PHI = 30 days.
Morningglory	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Morningglory	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium. Preplant: Rates are dependent on soil type and weeds present. Apply when soil moisture is at field capacity (100 to 125%). Apply through soil injection using a rotary tiller or inject with knives no more than 4 in. apart; follow immediately with a roller to smooth and compact the soil surface or with mulch. May apply thrugh drip irrigation prior to planting a second crop on mulch; however, adhere to label guidelines on crop plant back interval. Plant back interval is often 14 to 21 days and can be 30 days in some environments. See label for all restrictions and additional information.
Morningglory	Metribuzin	101101	21087-64-9	Excellent, 90-100%	Preplant: Apply to soil surface and incorporate 2 to 4 in. deep before transplanting. See label for instructions. Postemergence: Use either as a broadcast or directed spray but do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i. with a broadcast spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed 1 lb a.i. per year. Do not apply as a broadcast spray unless 3 sunny days prior to application.
Morningglory	Oxyfluorfen	111601	42874-03-3	Unknown	Plasticulture only. Apply to the soil surface of pre-formed beds at least 30 days prior to transplanting crop. While incorporation is not necessary, it may result in less crop injury. Plastic mulch can be applied any time after application but best results are likely if applied soon after application.
Morningglory	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Morningglory	Rimsulfuron	129009	122931-48-0	Fair, 60-80%	Postemergence: Apply in tomatoes after the crop has at least two true leaves and weeds are small (1 in. or less) and actively growing. Add nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Do not apply within 45 days of tomato harvest. See label for further instruction.
Morningglory	Trifloxysulfuron-sodium	119009	290332-10-4	Good, 80-90%	Postemergence: Apply post-directed to tomato grown on plastic for control of nutsedge and certain broadleaf weeds. Crop should be transplanted at least 14 days prior to application. The application should be made prior to fruit set and at least 45 days prior to harvest. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal spray solution with all applications. Note: Envoke works best when weeds are small; only post-emergent. Efficacy: Fair (50-70%) in Florida.
Palmer amaranth	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Palmer amaranth	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%	Product is registered, but there is limited experience with this product by University Extension programs or independant trials in our region. The active ingredient is simlar to the active ingredient in metam sodium products and is likely to behave in a similar manner.
Palmer amaranth	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Palmer amaranth	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Good, 80-90%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Palmer amaranth	Fomesafen	123803	72178-02-0	Excellent, 90-100%	Preplant: This is a Section 24(c) special local needs label for transplanted tomato in NC. Growers must obtain the label at http://www.farmassist.com prior to making an application of Reflex. See label for further instructions. Plasticulture In-Row Application for Transplanted Tomato. Apply after final bed formation and the drip tape is laid but prior to laying plastic mulch. Avoid soil disturbance after application. Unless restricted by other products such as fumigants, tomato may be transplanted immediately following the application of Reflex and the application of the mulch. Bareground for Transplanted Tomato. Apply pretransplant up to 7 days prior to transplanting tomato. Weed control will be reduced if soil is disturbed after application. During the transplanting operation, make sure the soil in the transplant hole settles flush or above the surrounding soil surface. Avoid cultural practices that may concentrate Reflex-treated soil around the transplant root ball. An overhead irrgation or tainfall event between Reflex herbicide application and transplanting will ensure herbicide activation and will likely reduce the potential for crop injury due to splashing. Plasticulture Row Middle Application. Apply to row middles with a hooded or shielded sprayer. Avoid drift of herbicide on mulch. If drift occurs, 0.5 inch of rain or irrigation must occur prior to transplanting. Carryover is a large concern; see label for more information. *Palmer amaranth has been known to have some resistance to fomesafen. Efficacy: In Arkansas, Fair (60-70%) control even though resistance known.
Palmer amaranth	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Palmer amaranth	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium. Preplant: Rates are dependent on soil type and weeds present. Apply when soil moisture is at field capacity (100 to 125%). Apply through soil injection using a rotary tiller or inject with knives no more than 4 in. apart; follow immediately with a roller to smooth and compact the soil surface or with mulch. May apply thrugh drip irrigation prior to planting a second crop on mulch; however, adhere to label guidelines on crop plant back interval. Plant back interval is often 14 to 21 days and can be 30 days in some environments. See label for all restrictions and additional information.
Palmer amaranth	Metribuzin	101101	21087-64-9	Good to Excellent, 80-100%	Preplant: Apply to soil surface and incorporate 2 to 4 in. deep before transplanting. See label for instructions. Postemergence: Use either as a broadcast or directed spray but do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i. with a broadcast spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed 1 lb a.i. per year. Do not apply as a broadcast spray unless 3 sunny days prior to application. Efficacy: Good-excellent (80-100%) in North Carolina.
Palmer amaranth	Pendimethalin	108501	40487-42-1	Fair, 60-80%	Plasticulture in-row: May be applied as a preplant surface application or a preplant incorporated applcaition prior to transplanting tomato. Bareground in-row: May be applied as a broadcast preplant surface application or preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Post-directed spray: May be applied as a post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants, and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. PHI = 21 days. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. See label for further instructions and precautions.
Palmer amaranth	Rimsulfuron	129009	122931-48-0	Good, 80-90%	Postemergence: Apply in tomatoes after the crop has at least two true leaves and weeds are small (1 in. or less) and actively growing. Add nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Do not apply within 45 days of tomato harvest. See label for further instruction.
Palmer amaranth	S-Metolachlor	108800	87392-12-9	Good to Excellent, 80-100%	Apply preplant or postdirected to transplants after the first settling rain or irrigation. In plasticulture, apply to preformed beds just prior to applying plastic mulch. Lower rates of rate range for S-metolachlor are safest to tomato. May also be used to treat row middles in bedded tomato. Minimize contact with crop. Also registered for use in row middles, and in seeded crop. See label for further instructions. PHI = 90 days. Efficacy: Good-excellent (80-100%) in Arkansas and North Carolina.
Palmer amaranth	Trifluralin	36101	1582-09-8	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Preplant: Transplant tomato. Apply pretransplant and incorporate into the soil 2 to 3 in. within 8 hr using a rototiller or tandem disk. Can be applied postplant as a directed spray to soil between the row and beneath plants and then incorporated.
Pennsylvania smartweed	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Pennsylvania smartweed	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%	Product is registered, but there is limited experience with this product by University Extension programs or independant trials in our region. The active ingredient is simlar to the active ingredient in metam sodium products and is likely to behave in a similar manner.
Pennsylvania smartweed	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Pennsylvania smartweed	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Good, 80-90%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Pennsylvania smartweed	Fomesafen	123803	72178-02-0	Good, 80-90%	Preplant: This is a Section 24(c) special local needs label for transplanted tomato in NC. Growers must obtain the label at http://www.farmassist.com prior to making an application of Reflex. See label for further instructions. Plasticulture In-Row Application for Transplanted Tomato. Apply after final bed formation and the drip tape is laid but prior to laying plastic mulch. Avoid soil disturbance after application. Unless restricted by other products such as fumigants, tomato may be transplanted immediately following the application of Reflex and the application of the mulch. Bareground for Transplanted Tomato. Apply pretransplant up to 7 days prior to transplanting tomato. Weed control will be reduced if soil is disturbed after application. During the transplanting operation, make sure the soil in the transplant hole settles flush or above the surrounding soil surface. Avoid cultural practices that may concentrate Reflex-treated soil around the transplant root ball. An overhead irrgation or tainfall event between Reflex herbicide application and transplanting will ensure herbicide activation and will likely reduce the potential for crop injury due to splashing. Plasticulture Row Middle Application. Apply to row middles with a hooded or shielded sprayer. Avoid drift of herbicide on mulch. If drift occurs, 0.5 inch of rain or irrigation must occur prior to transplanting. Carryover is a large concern; see label for more information.
Pennsylvania smartweed	Halosulfuron-methyl	128721	100784-20-1	Fair, 60-80%	Preplant: For pretransplant application under plastic mulch, apply to pre-formed bed just prior to plastic mulch application and delay transplanting at least 7 days. Can be applied for pretransplant application in bareground tomato. Early season application will give postemergence and preemergence control. The 1 oz rate is for preemergence and posteremergence control in row middles only. For postemergence applications, use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. PHI = 30 days. Post-emergence: Apply no sooner than 14 days after transplanting. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Some weeds, such as nutsedge, may require two applications of Sandea; if a second application is needed, spot-treat only weed-infested areas. See label for further. PHI = 30 days.
Pennsylvania smartweed	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Pennsylvania smartweed	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%
Pennsylvania smartweed	Metribuzin	101101	21087-64-9	Good, 80-90%	Preplant: Apply to soil surface and incorporate 2 to 4 in. deep before transplanting. See label for instructions. Postemergence: Use either as a broadcast or directed spray but do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i. with a broadcast spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed 1 lb. a.i. per year. Do not apply as a broadcast spray unless 3 sunny day precede application.
Pennsylvania smartweed	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Fair, 60-80%	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Pennsylvania smartweed	S-Metolachlor	108800	87392-12-9	Good, 80-90%	Apply preplant or postdirected to transplants after the first settling rain or irrigation. In plasticulture, apply to preformed beds just prior to applying plastic mulch. Lower rates of rate range for S-metolachlor are safest to tomato. May also be used to treat row middles in bedded tomato. Minimize contact with crop. Also registered for use in row middles, and in seeded crop. See label for further instructions. PHI = 90 days.
Pennsylvania smartweed	Trifluralin	36101	1582-09-8	Fair, 60-80%	Preplant: Transplant tomato. Apply pretransplant and incorporate into the soil 2 to 3 in. within 8 hr using a rototiller or tandem disk. Can be applied postplant as a directed spray to soil between the row and beneath plants and then incorporated. Efficacy: Fair (60-80%) in South Carolina and North Carolina.
Primrose, cutleaf evening	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Primrose, cutleaf evening	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%	Product is registered, but there is limited experience with this product by University Extension programs or independant trials in our region. The active ingredient is simlar to the active ingredient in metam sodium products and is likely to behave in a similar manner.
Primrose, cutleaf evening	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Primrose, cutleaf evening	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Good, 80-90%
Primrose, cutleaf evening	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Primrose, cutleaf evening	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%
Primrose, cutleaf evening	Oxyfluorfen	111601	42874-03-3	Unknown	Preplant: Plasticulture only. Apply to soil surface of pre-formed beds at least 30 days prior to transplanting crop. While incorporation is not necessary, it may result in less crop injury. Plastic mulch can be applied any time after application but best results are likely if applied soon after application. Postemergence: Plasticulture (fallow beds) only. Apply to soil surface of pre-formed beds at least 30 days prior to transplanting crop. While incorporation is not necessary, it may result in less crop injury. Plastic mulch can be applied any time after application but best results are likely if applied soon after application.
Primrose, cutleaf evening	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Unknown	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Purple nutsedge	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Purple nutsedge	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	No Control, <25%
Purple nutsedge	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Fair, 60-80%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Purple nutsedge	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Excellent, 90-100%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Purple nutsedge	Imazosulfuron	118602	122548-33-8	Unknown	Refer to label for further application instructions. Consult label for approved surfactants and crop rotation restrictions. PHI = 21 days. Postemergent application ONLY for purple nutsedge.
Purple nutsedge	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	No Control, <25%
Purple nutsedge	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	No Control, <25%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium. Preplant: Rates are dependent on soil type and weeds present. Apply when soil moisture is at field capacity (100 to 125%). Apply through soil injection using a rotary tiller or inject with knives no more than 4 in. apart; follow immediately with a roller to smooth and compact the soil surface or with mulch. May apply thrugh drip irrigation prior to planting a second crop on mulch; however, adhere to label guidelines on crop plant back interval. Plant back interval is often 14 to 21 days and can be 30 days in some environments. See label for all restrictions and additional information. Chloropicrin (150 lb/A broadcast) will also be needed when laying first crop mulch to control nutsedge.
Purple nutsedge	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Purple nutsedge	Trifloxysulfuron-sodium	119009	290332-10-4	Unknown	Postemergence: Apply post-directed to tomato grown on plastic for control of nutsedge and certain broadleaf weeds. Crop should be transplanted at least 14 days prior to application. The application should be made prior to fruit set and at least 45 days prior to harvest. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal spray solution with all applications. Row Middles: Crop should be transplanted at least 14 days prioro to application. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal spray solution with all applications. The application should be made prior to fruit set and least 45 days prior to harvest. See label for information on registered tank mixes. Tank mixtures with Select or Poast may resude grass control. See label for more information.
Pusley	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor, 25-60%
Pusley	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%
Pusley	Carfentrazone-ethyl	128712	128639-02-1	Unknown	Transplanted crop. Apply no later than 1 day before transplanting. Seeded crop (Aim 2EC only). Apply no later than 7 days before planting seeded crop. Use a nonionic surfactant or crop oil with Aim. See label for rate. Coverage is essential for good weed control. Can be tank mixed with other registered burndown herbicides.
Pusley	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Pusley	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Good, 80-90%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Pusley	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Pusley	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Pusley	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Unknown	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Pusley	Pendimethalin	108501	40487-42-1	Unknown	Bareground-in-row. May be applied as a broadcast preplant surface application or preplant incorporated application prior to transplanting tomato. Post-directed spray. May be applied as a post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants, and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply over the top of tomato. PHI = 21 days. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. See label for further instructions and precautions. Row Middles: Post-directed spray on the soil at the base of the plant, beneath plants and between rows. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply more than 3 pt per acre per season. See label for specific use rate for your soil type. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. Avoid direct contact with tomato foliage or stems. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. See label for further instructions and precautions.
Ragweed –common	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Ragweed –common	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%	Product is registered, but there is limited experience with this product by University Extension programs or independant trials in our region. The active ingredient is simlar to the active ingredient in metam sodium products and is likely to behave in a similar manner.
Ragweed –common	Carfentrazone-ethyl	128712	128639-02-1	Fair, 60-80%	Transplanted crop. Apply no later than 1 day before transplanting. Seeded crop (Aim 2EC only). Apply no later than 7 days before planting seeded crop. Use a nonionic surfactant or crop oil with Aim. See label for rate. Coverage is essential for good weed control. Can be tank mixed with other registered burndown herbicides. Aim is labeled for multiple weeds (small 4 in. or less). In post-emergent applications timing is critical
Ragweed –common	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Ragweed –common	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Good, 80-90%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Ragweed –common	Fomesafen	123803	72178-02-0	Good to Excellent, 80-100%	Preplant: This is a Section 24(c) special local needs label for transplanted tomato in NC. Growers must obtain the label at http://www.farmassist.com prior to making an application of Reflex. See label for further instructions. Plasticulture In-Row Application for Transplanted Tomato. Apply after final bed formation and the drip tape is laid but prior to laying plastic mulch. Avoid soil disturbance after application. Unless restricted by other products such as fumigants, tomato may be transplanted immediately following the application of Reflex and the application of the mulch. Bareground for Transplanted Tomato. Apply pretransplant up to 7 days prior to transplanting tomato. Weed control will be reduced if soil is disturbed after application. During the transplanting operation, make sure the soil in the transplant hole settles flush or above the surrounding soil surface. Avoid cultural practices that may concentrate Reflex-treated soil around the transplant root ball. An overhead irrgation or tainfall event between Reflex herbicide application and transplanting will ensure herbicide activation and will likely reduce the potential for crop injury due to splashing. Plasticulture Row Middle Application. Apply to row middles with a hooded or shielded sprayer. Avoid drift of herbicide on mulch. If drift occurs, 0.5 inch of rain or irrigation must occur prior to transplanting. Carryover is a large concern; see label for more information. Efficacy: Good-excellent (80-100%) in South Carolina.
Ragweed –common	Halosulfuron-methyl	128721	100784-20-1	Good, 80-90%	Preplant: For pretransplant application under plastic mulch, apply to pre-formed bed just prior to plastic mulch application and delay transplanting at least 7 days. Can be applied for pretransplant application in bareground tomato. Early season application will give postemergence and preemergence control. The 1 oz rate is for preemergence and posteremergence control in row middles only. For postemergence applications, use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. PHI = 30 days. Post-emergence: Apply no sooner than 14 days after transplanting. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Some weeds, such as nutsedge, may require two applications of Sandea; if a second application is needed, spot-treat only weed-infested areas. See label for further. PHI = 30 days. Efficacy: Good (80-90%) in North Carolina.
Ragweed –common	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Ragweed –common	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Ragweed –common	Metribuzin	101101	21087-64-9	Excellent, 90-100%	Preplant: Apply to soil surface and incorporate 2 to 4 in. deep before transplanting. See label for instructions. Postemergence: Use either as a broadcast or directed spray but do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i. with a broadcast spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed 1 lb. a.i. per year. Do not apply as a broadcast spray unless 3 sunny day precede application. Efficacy: Excellent (80-90%) in Florida, North Carolina, and South Carolina.
Ragweed –common	Oxyfluorfen	111601	42874-03-3	Good, 80-90%	Plasticulture only. Apply to the soil surface of pre-formed beds at least 30 days prior to transplanting crop. While incorporation is not necessary, it may result in less crop injury. Plastic mulch can be applied any time after application but best results are likely if applied soon after application.
Ragweed –common	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix. Note: Reglone is labeled in Florida, registration still pending for other states.
Ragweed –common	S-Metolachlor	108800	87392-12-9	Good, 80-90%	Apply preplant or postdirected to transplants after the first settling rain or irrigation. In plasticulture, apply to preformed beds just prior to applying plastic mulch. Lower rates of rate range for S-metolachlor are safest to tomato. May also be used to treat row middles in bedded tomato. Minimize contact with crop. Also registered for use in row middles, and in seeded crop. See label for further instructions. PHI = 90 days. Efficacy: Good (80-90%) in South Carolina.
Ragweed –common	Trifluralin	36101	1582-09-8	Good, 80-90%	Transplant tomato: Apply to pretransplant and incorporate into the soil 2 to 3 in. within 8 hr using a rototiller or tandem disk. Can be applied postplant as a directed spray to soil between the rows and beneath plants and then incorporated. Efficacy: Good (80-90%) in South Carolina.
Ragweed parthenium	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Good, 80-90%	Product is registered, but there is limited experience with this product by University Extension programs or independant trials in our region. The active ingredient is simlar to the active ingredient in metam sodium products and is likely to behave in a similar manner.
Ragweed parthenium	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Ragweed parthenium	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Good, 80-90%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Ragweed parthenium	Halosulfuron-methyl	128721	100784-20-1	Unknown	Preplant: For pretransplant application under plastic mulch, apply to pre-formed bed just prior to plastic mulch application and delay transplanting at least 7 days. Can be applied for pretransplant application in bareground tomato. Early season application will give postemergence and preemergence control. The 1 oz rate is for preemergence and posteremergence control in row middles only. For postemergence applications, use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. PHI = 30 days. Post-emergence: Apply no sooner than 14 days after transplanting. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Some weeds, such as nutsedge, may require two applications of Sandea; if a second application is needed, spot-treat only weed-infested areas. See label for further. PHI = 30 days.
Ragweed parthenium	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	Excellent, 90-100%
Ragweed parthenium	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Excellent, 90-100%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Ragweed parthenium	Metribuzin	101101	21087-64-9	Unknown	Preplant: Apply to soil surface and incorporate 2 to 4 in. deep before transplanting. See label for instructions. Postemergence: Use either as a broadcast or directed spray but do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i. with a broadcast spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed 1 lb a.i. per year. Do not apply as a broadcast spray unless 3 sunny days prior to application.
Ragweed parthenium	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Unknown	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Yellow nutsedge	1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin	29001 + 81501	542-75-6 + 76-06-2	Poor to Fair, 25-80%
Yellow nutsedge	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	No Control, <25%
Yellow nutsedge	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Fair, 60-80%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium.
Yellow nutsedge	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Excellent, 90-100%	Product may have low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses. Paladin may not be registered in all states.
Yellow nutsedge	Fomesafen	123803	72178-02-0	Fair, 60-80%	Preplant: This is a Section 24(c) special local needs label for transplanted tomato in NC. Growers must obtain the label at http://www.farmassist.com prior to making an application of Reflex. See label for further instructions. Plasticulture In-Row Application for Transplanted Tomato. Apply after final bed formation and the drip tape is laid but prior to laying plastic mulch. Avoid soil disturbance after application. Unless restricted by other products such as fumigants, tomato may be transplanted immediately following the application of Reflex and the application of the mulch. Bareground for Transplanted Tomato. Apply pretransplant up to 7 days prior to transplanting tomato. Weed control will be reduced if soil is disturbed after application. During the transplanting operation, make sure the soil in the transplant hole settles flush or above the surrounding soil surface. Avoid cultural practices that may concentrate Reflex-treated soil around the transplant root ball. An overhead irrgation or tainfall event between Reflex herbicide application and transplanting will ensure herbicide activation and will likely reduce the potential for crop injury due to splashing. Plasticulture Row Middle Application. Apply to row middles with a hooded or shielded sprayer. Avoid drift of herbicide on mulch. If drift occurs, 0.5 inch of rain or irrigation must occur prior to transplanting. Carryover is a large concern; see label for more information.
Yellow nutsedge	Halosulfuron-methyl	128721	100784-20-1	Good, 80-90%	Preplant: For pretransplant application under plastic mulch, apply to pre-formed bed just prior to plastic mulch application and delay transplanting at least 7 days. Can be applied for pretransplant application in bareground tomato. Early season application will give postemergence and preemergence control. The 1 oz rate is for preemergence and posteremergence control in row middles only. For postemergence applications, use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. PHI = 30 days. Post-emergence: Apply no sooner than 14 days after transplanting. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution. Some weeds, such as nutsedge, may require two applications of Sandea; if a second application is needed, spot-treat only weed-infested areas. See label for further. PHI = 30 days. Efficacy: Post-emergent control is good-excellent (80-100%). Pre-emergent control is good (80-90%).
Yellow nutsedge	Imazosulfuron	118602	122548-33-8	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Preplant: Apply to planting beds before plastic is laid. Tomato may be transplanted 1 day after application. Refer to label for further application instructions. Consult label for approved surfactants and crop rotation restrictions. PHI = 21 days. Efficacy: Fair-good (50-90%) in North Carolina and Florida.
Yellow nutsedge	Metam-Potassium	39002	137-41-7	No Control, <25%
Yellow nutsedge	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	No Control, <25%	In soils with high sodium content, use metam potassium instead of metam sodium. Preplant: Rates are dependent on soil type and weeds present. Apply when soil moisture is at field capacity (100 to 125%). Apply through soil injection using a rotary tiller or inject with knives no more than 4 in. apart; follow immediately with a roller to smooth and compact the soil surface or with mulch. May apply thrugh drip irrigation prior to planting a second crop on mulch; however, adhere to label guidelines on crop plant back interval. Plant back interval is often 14 to 21 days and can be 30 days in some environments. See label for all restrictions and additional information. Chloropicrin (150 lb/A broadcast) will also be needed when laying first crop mulch to control nutsedge.
Yellow nutsedge	Metribuzin	101101	21087-64-9	Fair, 60-80%	Preplant: Apply to soil surface and incorporate 2 to 4 in. deep before transplanting. See label for instructions. Postemergence: Use either as a broadcast or directed spray but do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i. with a broadcast spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed 1 lb. a.i. per year. Do not apply as a broadcast spray unless 3 sunny day precede application.
Yellow nutsedge	Paraquat	61603	4685-14-7	Poor, 25-60%	Apply to emerged weeds in a minimum of 20 gal spray mix per acre before crop emergence as a broadcast or band treatment over a preformed row. Row should be formed several days ahead of planting and treating to allow maximum weed emergece. Use a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 16 to 32 oz per 100 gal spray mix or 1 gal approved crop oil concentrate per 100 gal spray mix.
Yellow nutsedge	S-Metolachlor	108800	87392-12-9	Fair to Good, 50-90%	Apply preplant or postdirected to transplants after the first settling rain or irrigation. In plasticulture, apply to preformed beds just prior to applying plastic mulch. Lower rates of rate range for S-metolachlor are safest to tomato. May also be used to treat row middles in bedded tomato. Minimize contact with crop. Also registered for use in row middles, and in seeded crop. See label for further instructions. PHI = 90 days.
Yellow nutsedge	Trifloxysulfuron-sodium	119009	290332-10-4	Good to Excellent, 80-100%	Postemergence: Apply post-directed to tomato grown on plastic for control of nutsedge and certain broadleaf weeds. Crop should be transplanted at least 14 days prior to application. The application should be made prior to fruit set and at least 45 days prior to harvest. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal spray solution with all applications. Row Middles: Crop should be transplanted at least 14 days prioro to application. Use nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal spray solution with all applications. The application should be made prior to fruit set and least 45 days prior to harvest. See label for information on registered tank mixes. Tank mixtures with Select or Poast may resude grass control. See label for more information.

Nematodes

Pest	Active Ingredient	PC Code	CAS	Rating
Root-knot nematode	1,3-Dichloropropene	29001	542-75-6	Excellent, 90-100%
Root-knot nematode	Allyl isothiocyanate	4901	57-06-7	Fair, 60-80%
Root-knot nematode	Chloropicrin	81501	76-06-2	Poor, 25-60%
Root-knot nematode	Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium	81501 + 39003	76-06-2 + 137-42-8	Fair, 60-80%
Root-knot nematode	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)	29088	624-92-0	Excellent, 90-100%
Root-knot nematode	Metam-sodium	39003	137-42-8	Fair, 60-80%

Mites

Pest	Active Ingredient	PC Code	CAS	Rating	Description/Comments/Resistance Issues
Spider mites	Abamectin	122804	71751-41-2	Good, 80-90%	Do not exceed 3 applications per season. Efficacy reported as good when used at high rates.
Spider mites	Acequinocyl	6329	57960-19-7	Fair, 60-80%	The use of a surfactant/adjuvant with Kanemite on tomatoes is prohibited.
Spider mites	Bifenazate	586	149877-41-8	Fair, 60-80%	Do not make more than one application per season.
Spider mites	Cyflumetofen	138831	400882-07-7	Fair, 60-80%	(Nealta) Do not make more than one application before using an effective miticide with a different mode of action. Efficacy was reported as poor in GA, but good in SC.
Spider mites	Fenpyroximate	129131	134098-61-6	Fair, 60-80%	(Portal) Do not make more than two applications per season.
Spider mites	Spiromesifen	24875	283594-90-1	Fair, 60-80%	Do not exceed 3 applications per season.

Ecotoxicity

The Ecological Fate and Effects Division of the US EPA Office of Pesticide Programs is continuing efforts to update the database with all EPA reviewed ecotoxicity endpoints for pesticides registered or previously registered in the U.S. The toxicity data is compiled from actual studies reviewed by EPA in conjunction with pesticide registration or re-registration and studies performed by US EPA, USDA and US FWS laboratories which have been reviewed by Agency biologists and judged acceptable for use in the ecological risk assessment process. The research contains acute and chronic toxicity endpoints on terrestrial and aquatic plants, aquatic invertebrates, terrestrial invertebrates, insects, amphibians, fish, birds, reptiles, and wild mammals. Please visit the US EPA Ecotoxicity Database for more information.

Pesticide	Type of Organism	Common Name	Scientific Name

Timelines

Production Practices	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Comments
General	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Food safety is associated with fruit production and harvest. This timing varies from state to state, but spans the whole year in the southeast region.
Harvesting	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	See planting dates in Production Practices section.
Harvesting	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Planting dates vary from state to state, but spans the whole year in the southeast region.
Planting Dates	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Harvest varies from state to state, but spans the whole year in the southeast region.

Pests	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Comments
aphids
Armyworms
cabbage looper
Colorado Potato Beetle
Corn Earworm
hornworm
Potato flea beetle
Stinkbugs
thrips
tomato leafminer
Tomato pinworm
Whiteflies
Alternaria black molds / stem cankers	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Pest is a problem during the whole crop production cycle.
anthracnose	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Pest is a problem during the whole crop production cycle.
bacterial canker	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Pest is a problem during the whole crop production cycle.
bacterial speck			x	x	x	x							Pest is only a problem in cooler climates such as western North Carolina, Kentucky, eastern TN, western Virginia.
bacterial spot
bacterial wilt	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Pest is a problem during the whole crop production cycle.
Corynespora leaf spot
Early Blight	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Pest is a problem during the whole crop production cycle.
Fusarium wilt	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Pest is a problem during the whole crop production cycle.
gray leaf spot	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Pest is a problem during the whole crop production cycle.
Gray Mold	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Pest is a problem during the whole crop production cycle.
late blight						x	x	x	x				Pest is only a problem in cooler climates such as western North Carolina, Kentucky, eastern TN, western Virginia.
leaf mold			x	x	x	x	x						Pest is primarily a problem in Georgia.
Phytophthora blight	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Pest is a problem primarily during harvest throughout the region.
Sclerotinia timber rot			x	x	x	x							Pest is a problem during cooler weather.
Septoria leaf spot	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Pest is a problem during the whole crop production cycle.
Southern stem rot	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Pest is a problem during the whole crop production cycle.
Tomato Pith Necrosis	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Pest is a problem during the whole crop production cycle.
Tomato spotted wilt virus	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Pest is a problem during the whole crop production cycle.
tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)
Verticillium wilt					x	x	x	x	x				Pest is only a problem in cooler climates such as western North Carolina, Kentucky, eastern TN, western Virginia.
Broadleaf signalgrass
Canada Thistle
Common cocklebur
common purslane
Corn spurry
Cudweed
Curly dock
Eastern Black Nightshade
Eclipta
Florida beggarweed
Goosegrass
Hairy galinsoga
Horsenettle
Johnsongrass
Lambsquarters
large crabgrass
morning-glory
Palmer amaranth
Pennsylvania smartweed
Primrose, cutleaf evening
Purple nutsedge
Pusley
Ragweed –common
ragweed parthenium
Yellow Nutsedge
root-knot nematode	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Pest is a problem during the whole crop production cycle.
spider mites

Chemicals	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Comments
1,3-Dichloropropene (Fumigant)
1,3-Dichloropropene + Chloropicrin (Fumigant)
Allyl isothiocyanate (Fumigant)
Chloropicrin + Metam-sodium (Fumigant)
Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) (Fumigant)
Metam-Potassium (Fumigant)
Acibenzolar-s-methyl (Fungicide)
Allyl isosulfocyanate (Fungicide)
Ametoctradin + Dimethomorph (Fungicide)
Azoxystrobin (Fungicide)
Azoxystrobin + Chlorothalonil (Fungicide)
Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole (Fungicide)
Bacillus mycoides Isolate J (Fungicide)
Bacteriophage (from selected Pseudomonas species) (Fungicide)
boscalid (Fungicide)
Chloropicrin (Fungicide)
Chlorothalonil (Fungicide)
Chlorothalonil + Cymoxanil (Fungicide)
Chlorothalonil + Mefenoxam (Fungicide)
Copper hydroxide (Fungicide)
Copper octanoate (Fungicide)
Cyazofamid (Fungicide)
Cymoxanil (Fungicide)
Cyprodinil + Difenoconazole (Fungicide)
Cyprodinil + Fludioxonil (Fungicide)
Dicloran (Fungicide)
Difenoconazole + Benzovindiflupyr (Fungicide)
Difenoconazole + Mandipropamide (Fungicide)
Dimethomorph (Fungicide)
Famoxadone + Cymoxanil (Fungicide)
Fenamidone (Fungicide)
Fixed Copper + Mancozeb (Fungicide)
Fixed Copper + Mefenoxam (Fungicide)
Fludioxonil (Fungicide)
Fluopicolide (Fungicide)
Fluopyram + Pyrimethanil (Fungicide)
Fluopyram + Trifloxystrobin (Fungicide)
Fluoxastrobin (Fungicide)
Flutriafol (Fungicide)
Fluxapyroxad + Pyraclostrobin (Fungicide)
Mancozeb (Fungicide)
Mancozeb + Copper hydroxide (Fungicide)
Mancozeb + Mefenoxam (Fungicide)
Mancozeb + Zoxamide (Fungicide)
Mandipropamide Technical (Fungicide)
Mono- and di- potassium salts of phosphorous acid (Fungicide)
Oxathiapiprolin + Chlorothalonil (Fungicide)
Oxathiapiprolin + Mandipropamide (Fungicide)
Penthiopyrad (Fungicide)
Polyoxin D zinc salt (Fungicide)
Potassium Phosphite (Fungicide)
Propamocarb (Fungicide)
Propamocarb hydrochloride (Fungicide)
Pyraclostrobin (Fungicide)
Pyrimethanil (Fungicide)
Quinoxyfen (Fungicide)
Reynoutria sachalinensis (Fungicide)
Sodium hypochlorite (Fungicide)
Streptomycin sulfate (1:3) (Fungicide)
Trifloxystrobin (Fungicide)
Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (Fungicide)
Zoxamide + Chlorothalonil (Fungicide)
Carfentrazone-ethyl (Herbicide)
Clethodim (Herbicide)
DCPA (Herbicide)
Fomesafen (Herbicide)
Halosulfuron-methyl (Herbicide)
Imazosulfuron (Herbicide)
Metribuzin (Herbicide)
Napropamide (Herbicide)
Oxyfluorfen (Herbicide)
Paraquat (Herbicide)
Pendimethalin (Herbicide)
Peroxyacetic acid (Herbicide)
Rimsulfuron (Herbicide)
S-Metolachlor (Herbicide)
Sethoxydim (Herbicide)
Trifloxysulfuron-sodium (Herbicide)
Trifluralin (Herbicide)
Acetamiprid (Insecticide)
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Insecticide)
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Insecticide)
Buprofezin (Insecticide)
Chlorantraniliprole (Insecticide)
Clothianidin (Insecticide)
Cyantraniliprole (Insecticide)
Cyromazine (Insecticide)
Diazinon (Insecticide)
Dimethoate (Insecticide)
Dinotefuran (Insecticide)
Emamectin benzoate (Insecticide)
Flonicamid (Insecticide)
Flupyradifurone (Insecticide)
Imidacloprid (Insecticide)
Indoxacarb (Insecticide)
Methomyl (Insecticide)
Methoxyfenozide (Insecticide)
Novaluron (Insecticide)
Pymetrozine (Insecticide)
Pyrethroid (Insecticide)
Pyriproxyfen (Insecticide)
Spinetoram (amixture of spinetoram-J and spinetoram-L) (Insecticide)
Spinetoram (minor component (4-methyl)) (Insecticide)
Spiromesifen (Insecticide)
Spirotetramat (Insecticide)
Thiamethoxam (Insecticide)
Acequinocyl (Miticide)
Bifenazate (Miticide)
Cyflumetofen (Miticide)
Fenpyroximate (Miticide)
Abamectin (Nematicide)
Metam-sodium (Nematicide)

Worker Activities	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Comments
Insect And Disease Management	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	Pruning occurs early in the production cycle.

References

Blake, J., Keinath, A.P., Kluepfel, M., and Williamson, J. 2017. Tomato Diseases & Disorders. HGIC 2217. Clemson Cooperative Extension, Home & Garden Information Center.

Commercial Tomato Production Handbook. 2017. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension.

Commercial Vegetable Production Recommendations: Virginia

Crop Profile for Tomatoes in Tennessee. July 2002. USDA Pest Management Center

Flessner, M. Accessed January 2018. Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide. Virginia Cooperative Extension.

Freeman, J.H., McAvoy, E.J., Boyd, N.S., Kinessary, R., Ozores-Hampton, M., Smith, H.A., Noling, J.W., and Vallad, G. 2017. Tomato Production. Chapter 18 in: Vegetable Production Handbook of Florida, 2017-2018. University of Florida.

Griffin, R.P., Khan, M.F.R. 2018. Tomato Crop Insects. Clemson Cooperative Extension.

Ivors, K. (ed.). 2010. Commercial Production of Staked Tomatoes in the Southeast.

Jones, J.B., Zitter, T.A., Momol, T.M., and Miller, S.A. 2014. Compendium of Tomato Diseases and Pests, Second Edition. APS Press.

Kemble, J.M., I.M. Meadows, K.M. Jennings, and J.F. Walgenbach (Eds.). 2018. 2018 Vegetable Crop Handbook for the Southeastern US. Meister Media Worldwide. Willoughby, OH.

Pest Management Strategic Plan for Tomato in Virginia, North Carolina, and Delaware. 2006.

Riley, D., Culpepper, S., Kelley, T., Keinath, A.P., Langston, D., Smith, J.P., Sparks, S. 2007. Pest Management Strategic Plan for Tomato for Georgia and South Carolina.

Schonbeck, M. 2014. Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri). eORganic 5122. eXtension.org

Tomato Diseases. Accessed in January 2018. North Carolina State University.

Turfgrass Weeds. 2018. University of Tennessee.

USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2012 Census of Agriculture - State Data

USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2016. Vegetables 2015 Summary.

Vegetable MD Online. 2018. Tomatoes. Cornell University.

Walgenbach, J. 2018. Insect Management on Fruiting Vegetables in North Carolina (Tomato, Pepper, Eggplant, Tomatillo, and Okra). North Carolina State University.

Walgenbach, J.F., Ivors, K.L., Davis, J.M., Monks, D.W., and Toth, Jr., S.J. 2005. Crop Profile for Tomatoes in North Carolina.

Webb, S.E., Stansly, P.A., Schuster, D.J., Funderburk, J.E., and Smith, H. 2017. Insect Management for Tomatoes, Peppers, and Eggplant. Publication ENY-461. University of Florida, IFAS Extension.

Weed Science Fact Sheets. Accessed in January, 2018. Weed Science. University of Florida.

Wolfpack Weeds. 2018. Department of Horticultural Science. North Carolina State University.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Southeast Regional Fruit and Vegetable Conference coordinators for hosting the Workshop that helped to update this Pest Management Strategic Plan. We would also like to thank Arysta LifeScience and Agdia, Inc. for providing financial support for the workshop.