| Title | PMSP for Onion, Bulb in Texas |
| PDF Document | https://ipmdata.ipmcenters.org/documents/pmsps/Texas Onion Pest Management Strategic Plan.pdf |
| Source Type | Pest Management Strategic Plans |
| Source Date | 12/01/2010 |
| Settings | Onion, Onion, Bulb |
| Region | Southern |
| States | Texas |
| Contacts | Mark Matocha, Texas A&M University, Ma-matocha@tamu.edu, (979) 845-3789 |
| Contributors | Juan Anciso, Texas A&M University Flaco Barr, The Onion House Arnold Cantu, National Association of State Departments of Agriculture (NASDA) Desi Carrasco, National Association of State Departments of Agriculture (NASDA) Rick Holmes, The Onion House Jay Johnson, Sharyland Plantation Pete Martinez, National Association of State Departments of Agriculture (NASDA) Mark Matocha, Texas A&M University Alfredo Rodriguez, Texas AgriLife Extension Service Josh Ruiz, Mid Valley Agriculture |
A Pest Management Strategic Plan was developed for onion grown in Texas during a workshop held on November 12, 2010 in Weslaco, Texas. Participants included Extension personnel involved in the onion industry, private growers, shippers, IR-4 representatives, and corporate onion production specialists. General information was provided to the group on the basis for PMSP development. Participants discussed major pests of onions and the methods employed to manage those pests. The major focus of discussion centered upon the critical needs, or priorities, for research, regulatory, and education.
During the workshop it became clear that there are certain priorities that are critical to the sustainability and profitability of the onion industry in Texas. Regulatory priorities that were of special concern to workshop participants included the necessity for finding a replacement for diazinon. Currently, diazinon is the most effective tool available to onion growers to effectively control soil pests such as wireworms, grubs and fire ants. The inevitable loss of this tool due to reregistration will severely deplete the tools available to battle these critical pests. Additional regulatory priorities include retaining uses for spinetoram and oxamyl, both of which are critical for thrips management.
Workshop participants similarly identified research needs that are deemed critical to the viability of the Texas onion industry. Among the most important of these include the need for more effective herbicides to control problem weeds such as wild carrot, yellow nutsedge, and London rocket. Another research priority is the identification and registration of additional insecticides for thrips control in Texas onions. The evaluation of potential harvest aids for onion production was also identified as a research priority. One such potential harvest aid mentioned was glyphosate and diquat.
Educational priorities were also a very important part of the discussion during the workshop. The lack of educational literature to growers that addresses vital information such as plant-back restrictions for various herbicides was deemed a critical need. Onion growers in Texas commonly rotate the crop with various vegetable and/or row crops. While the number of registered herbicides available to onion growers may be low, the number of herbicides labeled and used in corn, sorghum, and cotton is vast. This poses a challenge to onion growers in that this large number of herbicides encompasses a variety of chemistries, modes of action, and persistence in the soil. There is also a need for Extension educational materials that contain up to date recommendations and guidelines for onion pest management.
The purpose of the Pest Management Strategic Plan is to assist growers and regulatory agencies to insure profitability in crop production by providing cost-effective pest management tools. Attendees of this workshop helped identify priorities and needs for onion production in Texas. These priorities and needs have been categorized into research, regulatory, and extension.
The information in this plan will assist growers, researchers, extension personnel, and regulators to better understand the needs and priorities of onion production in Texas. Also included in this document is specific information about the major pests associated with onions and the current tools available for their control.
The development of a Pest Management Strategic Plan (PMSP) is a method of setting pest management priorities for a commodity and demonstrating stakeholder involvement in the process. The USDA's Office of Pest Management Policy (OPMP) developed the PMSP as a planning and priority setting process to facilitate a transition to alternative pest management practices when one or more pesticides used to manage pests on a crop are lost as a result of regulatory review. Land Grant University research and extension specialists or commodity organizations, often with the assistance of personnel from the USDA OPMP, facilitate the development of PMSPs. Growers, commodity representatives, land-grant specialists, food processors, crop consultants, and other stakeholders are generally involved in the process.
Ideally, a PMSP outlines the current state of pest management for a commodity at the state, regional, or national level and presents a prioritized list of needs for research, regulatory activity, and extension education to facilitate the transition to alternative pest management practices. The plans take a crop phenology and pest-by-pest approach to identifying and assessing the current management practices applied to an area. The stakeholders involved in the PMSP process also identify and prioritize their pest management research, regulatory and extension needs.
Pest management strategies have always been dependent on the knowledge that certain chemical intervention methods of pest control would be available as the need arose. A part of basic pest management research involves specific pesticide controls. Known chemicals would provide a specific level of control for each given pest as discovered through research. When pest counts reached treatable levels, known pesticides would provide a level of control for a certain period of time.
As different pesticides come on the market, research is needed to determine the level and duration of control that could be expected for each respective chemical. Additional research is needed to determine effects on non-target organisms. Chemical control agents have varying effects and these influences on natural controls ultimately impact pest management strategies.
The purpose of a pest management program is to achieve satisfactory long-range pest control through an integration of techniques that will maximize net profit to growers in a social, environmental and ultimately ecosystem compatible manner. A general understanding of a respective pest/host/crop interaction and the subsequent identification of pests and beneficials and definition of pest status would be important considerations in the early developmental phases of a sound pest management program. This objective is approached through the “integration” of various PM tools, generally with emphasis on preventive methods and preservation of natural control agents. Ideally, this objective is achieved with minimum chemical intervention. The integrated components include: regulatory, quarantines, cultural control, biological control, chemical control and education.
As noted, a pest management program or strategy first line of defense is often some form of chemical pest control. Regulations through label changes or product cancellation can limit or alter the availability of certain pest management tools and potentially have serious impact on the prevailing pest management strategy. The contemporary approach to pesticide regulation is for the regulatory community to pay very close attention to pest control needs in the field and thus insure as regulations are developed critical pest managements needs are not overlooked. This approach to pesticide regulation necessitates a very thorough understanding by the regulatory community of day to day field level pest problems. Communication between regulators, producers, commodity groups and research and agricultural education organizations are extremely important.
| Category | Rank | Pest Type | Pest | Crop Stage | Priority |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extension/Outreach | 1 | All | Need publication on application and use of herbicides in onion production |
||
| Extension/Outreach | 2 | All | Need to maintain and preserve IPM agent and Extension Specialist positions working in vegetable production |
||
| Extension/Outreach | 3 | All | Need Extension publication pest management tools available for commercial onion production |
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| Regulatory | 1 | All | Must retain diazinon – critical for early season control of fire ant, wireworm, and onion maggot and for resistance management |
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| Regulatory | 2 | All | Must retain spinetoram (Radiant®) – critical for early season control of thrips and for resistance management |
||
| Regulatory | 3 | All | Must retain oxamyl (Lannate®) – critical for early season control of thrips and for resistance management |
||
| Regulatory | 4 | All | Formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol®) has received Section 18 for several years. Would be helpful to receive full registration for control of thrips and for resistance management |
||
| Regulatory | 5 | All | Spirotetramat (Movento®) has received Section 18 and a full registration is needed for control and thrips and for resistance management |
||
| Regulatory | 6 | All | Maintain registration of DCPA (Dacthal®) for weed control |
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| Regulatory | 7 | All | Continued registration of copper products is essential for bacterial tip blight management |
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| Research | 1 | All | Need better herbicides to control troublesome broadleaf weeds such as wild carrot, yellow nutsedge, purple nutsedge, and London rocket |
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| Research | 2 | All | Need to evaluate possibility of glyphosate and diquat as harvest aid |
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| Research | 3 | All | Need research on additional insecticides for thrips control and resistance management |
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| Research | 4 | All | Need research on insecticides for onion maggot control |
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| Research | 5 | All | Additional research needed on herbicide application and timing to avoid phytotoxicity |
The majority of onion production in Texas is concentrated in the Lower Rio Grande Valley area with limited production in the Wintergarden and the Plains Region.
Texas ranks second in the U.S. in the production of onions. In 2009, Texas onion producers planted approximately 11,000 acres of onions. This represented 10,300 acres of spring onions and approximately 700 acres of summer onions. The majority of onion production in Texas is concentrated in the Lower Rio Grande Valley area with limited production in the Wintergarden and the Plains Region.
Cultural Practices
Onions can tolerate a wide range of soil types but grow best in fertile, well-drained sandy loam soils that have a good moisture holding capacity. Acid or heavy, tight soils with poor internal drainage or those that crust are not well suited. Onions need a pH range of 6.0 - 8.4.
Onions have a high moisture demand (25 - 30 inches /season or 1 - 3 inches /week) with critical periods occurring at stand establishment and from bulb initiation through maturity. Watering is discontinued at the first evidence of falling tops. Moisture deficit stress can cause splits and doubles.
Prior to seed bed formulation crop and weed residue is shredded and the land is disked and plowed. Fertilizer and some herbicides are applied prior to planting.
Recommended soil temperatures for onions are less than 95° F for fall planting and more than 50° F for spring planting. The seeding rate is 2 - 4 pounds raw seed/acre or 10 - 20 pounds coated seed/acre, planted at a depth of 0.25 - 0.75 inches and 2- 4 inches apart in 2 - 4 rows on 38 to 40 inch raised beds or 5 - 7 rows on 80 inch raised beds. Optimum planting times are in October in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, October through mid December in the Winter Garden and late February and early March on the Plains.
Onions grow best under cool, moist-to-dry conditions from planting through early growth (mean temperature of 60° F), and warm, dry conditions during maturity (bulbing favored by 70° - 80° F in combination with correct day length). No bulbing occurs below 50° - 60° F regardless of day length.
In general an acre of onions will require about 120 lbs of nitrogen, 80 lbs of phosphorus, and 80 lbs/acre of potassium. The Phosphorus is banded 2 inches below the seed at planting at a rate of 60 - 80 lbs./acre. In season, split nitrogen fertilization applications are recommended, applying 20 lbs. preplant and 25 - 40 lbs. side dressed (banded, knifed or injected into irrigation water) on 3 week intervals until 40 days prior to maturity. If needed 60 - 80 lbs./acre of Potassium can be applied but this is normally not needed in most areas of Texas.
| Production Year | 2009 |
| US Rank | 2 |
| Percent US Acres | |
| Acres Planted | 11,000 |
| Acres Harvested | |
| Growers | |
| Production | |
| Production Costs/Acre | |
| National Avg/Acre | |
| State Avg/Acre | |
| Per Acre Value | |
| Production Value | |
| Price | |
| Crop Budget URL | |
| References |
Disclaimer: The active ingredients and efficacy ratings in this report are not recommendations. The information in this report was provided by the workshop participants as a cross-section of grower practices at that time. Please refer to the pesticide labels for recommendations.
Insect pests can cause significant yield and quality reduction in onions. Serious pests include onion maggot, thrips, cutworm, armyworm, white grub, wireworms, and leafminers. Cultural practices generally have little to moderate effect on insect populations. Because onions are a high value crop with a low threshold for damage, beneficial insects are generally not as important in onions as they are in some other crops. In Texas onion production, by the time the beneficial insects bring pests under control the damage may have already been done. The seasonal occurrence of onion insect pests can be found in Table 5.
Resistance management is a critical component of onion insect management. Extension specialists and consultants recommend implementing an integrated pest management system. Since biological control is not as advantageous in onion production as in other crops, other aspects of IPM become even more important. Activities such as scouting and rotation of insecticide mode of action are important elements of insect management in Texas onions.
| Pest | Rank | Description | Symptoms | Chemical Control | Biological Control | Physical Control | Cultural Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asiatic onion leafminer (Acrolepiopsis sapporensis) |
cyromazine permethrin |
||||||
| Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) | |||||||
| Cutworms (Xestia spp.) |
cypermethrin lambda-cyhalothrin methomyl zeta-cypermethrin |
||||||
| Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) | |||||||
| Onion maggot (Delia antiqua) | The onion maggot can be a serious pest of onions but rarely attacks other vegetable crops. Their larvae tunnel into onion bulbs, which subsequently may turn yellow and die before maturity. The onion maggot often will move from plant to plant, thus damaging several bulbs and thinning stands of young onions. Cull onions left piled on the ground are an important source of insect infestation. |
chlorpyrifos diazinon malathion (no inert use) permethrin |
None. |
Crop rotation can be very effective for onion maggot control, but must provide at least one mile of separation between new seedlings and previous crops or cull piles. Because adult maggots (flies) are attracted to damaged onions, minimizing herbicide or mechanical damage can be helpful. Growers sometimes increase seeding rates to compensate for losses, but this can lead to non-uniform stands and bulb size, since seedling loss occurs in patches, not uniformly over a field. |
|||
| Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) | Thrips puncture plants and then suck the juice. This causes the formation of whitish blotches on leaves that first appear as dashes. Severely attacked plants develop a gray or silver appearance and may become distorted. Damage may be found first in the leaf sheaths and stem or on the undersides of a cupped leaf. Both adults and nymphs cause damage. Foliage that has been severely damaged will cause the entire field to take on a silvery appearance. Sever scarring also creates an entry point for foliar leaf diseases. |
cypermethrin diazinon methomyl spinetoram (minor component (4-methyl)) zeta-cypermethrin |
Natural enemies such as lacewings, predatory mites, and minute pirate bugs can be found feeding on thrips. These species are susceptible to insecticide sprays and may not be important in fields where insecticides have been used. |
Heavy rain or overhead irrigation can reduce thrips populations. |
|||
| Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) | Thrips puncture plants and then suck the juice. This causes the formation of whitish blotches on leaves that first appear as dashes. Severely attacked plants develop a gray or silver appearance and may become distorted. Damage may be found first in the leaf sheaths and stem or on the undersides of a cupped leaf. Both adults and nymphs cause damage. Foliage that has been severely damaged will cause the entire field to take on a silvery appearance. Sever scarring also creates an entry point for foliar leaf diseases. |
cypermethrin diazinon methomyl zeta-cypermethrin |
Natural enemies such as lacewings, predatory mites, and minute pirate bugs can be found feeding on thrips. These species are susceptible to insecticide sprays and may not be important in fields where insecticides have been used. |
Heavy rain or overhead irrigation can reduce thrips populations. |
Diseases can cause significant yield and quality reduction in onions. Serious disease pests include purple blotch, pink root, downy mildew, botrytis blast and neck rot, basal rot, and nematodes. Cultural practices can have a significant impact on the occurrence and severity of diseases in onions.
Resistance management is a critical component of onion disease management. Extension specialists and consultants recommend implementing an integrated pest management system. Cultural practices such as crop rotation are essential tools within an onion integrated disease management system. Additionally, activities such as scouting and rotation of fungicide mode of action are also important elements of disease management in Texas onions. The seasonal occurrence of onion disease pests can be found in Table 5.
| Pest | Rank | Description | Symptoms | Chemical Control | Biological Control | Physical Control | Cultural Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Botrytis blight (Botrytis elliptica) |
azoxystrobin boscalid chlorothalonil iprodione pyrimethanil |
||||||
| Downy mildew (Peronospora spp.) |
azoxystrobin chlorothalonil cymoxanil dimethomorph famoxadone fluopicolide fosetyl-al mancozeb maneb mefenoxam pyraclostrobin |
||||||
| Fusarium basal rot of garlic (Fusarium culmorum) |
azoxystrobin chlorothalonil mancozeb |
||||||
| Mycelial neck rot (Botrytis byssoidea) |
azoxystrobin boscalid chlorothalonil iprodione pyrimethanil |
||||||
| Pink root of onion (Phoma terrestris) |
chloropicrin |
||||||
| Purple blotch (Alternaria porri) |
azoxystrobin boscalid chlorothalonil cyprodinil difenoconazole fenamidone fludioxonil iprodione mancozeb propiconazole pyraclostrobin tebuconazole |
||||||
| Stemphylium leaf blight and stalk rot (Stemphylium vesicarium) |
azoxystrobin boscalid chlorothalonil cyprodinil difenoconazole fenamidone fludioxonil iprodione mancozeb propiconazole pyraclostrobin tebuconazole |
Annual and perennial weeds compete with onions for moisture, nutrients and sunlight which results in reduced yield. Weeds present at harvest can also lower grade by contaminating processed material. Due to optimal planting dates and climatic conditions in Texas, onion production is plagued by both warm and cool-season weeds. Warm-season weeds are generally a problem the first few weeks after early fall-planted onions have been established. As the growing season progresses, the warm-season weeds generally complete their life cycle while cool-season weeds begin to emerge and cause problems for onion producers.
Preemergent or preplant incorporated herbicides can be advantageous to growers by providing early season weed control. However, as is the case with many vegetable crops, crop phytotoxicity is a major concern when using these types of herbicides in onion production.
| Pest | Rank | Description | Symptoms | Chemical Control | Biological Control | Physical Control | Cultural Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) |
bensulide dcpa dimethenamid ethofumesate pendimethalin s-metolachlor trifluralin |
||||||
| Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) |
bensulide dcpa dimethenamid ethofumesate pendimethalin s-metolachlor trifluralin |
||||||
| Curly dock (Rumex crispus) |
bensulide bromoxynil dcpa dimethenamid ethofumesate flumioxazin fluroxypyr oxyfluorfen pendimethalin s-metolachlor trifluralin |
||||||
| Foxtail (Alopecurus spp.) |
bensulide dcpa dimethenamid ethofumesate pendimethalin s-metolachlor trifluralin |
||||||
| Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule) |
bensulide bromoxynil dcpa dimethenamid ethofumesate flumioxazin fluroxypyr oxyfluorfen pendimethalin s-metolachlor trifluralin |
||||||
| Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) |
clethodim fluazifop sethoxydim |
||||||
| Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) |
bensulide bromoxynil dcpa dimethenamid ethofumesate flumioxazin fluroxypyr oxyfluorfen pendimethalin s-metolachlor trifluralin |
||||||
| London rocket (Sisymbrium irio) |
bensulide bromoxynil dcpa dimethenamid ethofumesate flumioxazin fluroxypyr oxyfluorfen pendimethalin s-metolachlor trifluralin |
||||||
| Purslane (Portulaca spp.) |
bensulide bromoxynil dcpa dimethenamid ethofumesate flumioxazin fluroxypyr oxyfluorfen pendimethalin s-metolachlor trifluralin |
||||||
| Rescuegrass (Bromus catharticus) |
bensulide dcpa dimethenamid ethofumesate pendimethalin s-metolachlor trifluralin |
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| Texas thistle (Cirsium texanum) |
bensulide bromoxynil dcpa dimethenamid ethofumesate flumioxazin fluroxypyr oxyfluorfen pendimethalin s-metolachlor trifluralin |
||||||
| Wild carrot (Daucus spp.) |
bensulide bromoxynil dcpa dimethenamid ethofumesate flumioxazin fluroxypyr oxyfluorfen pendimethalin s-metolachlor trifluralin |
| Pest | Rank | Description | Symptoms | Chemical Control | Biological Control | Physical Control | Cultural Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alfalfa stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) |
chloropicrin oxamyl potassium n-methyldithiocarbamate |
||||||
| Cobb's root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) | |||||||
| Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) | |||||||
| Stubby root nematodes (Paratrichodorus spp.) |
| Active Ingredient | Description | Brands | CAS | PC | Pests | REI (hrs) | PHI (days) | RAC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,3-dichloropropene | 542-75-6 | 29001 | ||||||
| potassium n-methyldithiocarbamate | 137-41-7 | 39002 | Alfalfa stem nematode |
| Active Ingredient | Description | Brands | CAS | PC | Pests | REI (hrs) | PHI (days) | FRAC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| azoxystrobin | 131860-33- | 128810 | Botrytis blight, Downy mildew, Fusarium basal rot of garlic, Mycelial neck rot, Purple blotch, Stemphylium leaf blight and stalk rot | |||||
| boscalid | 188425-85- | 128008 | Botrytis blight, Mycelial neck rot, Purple blotch, Stemphylium leaf blight and stalk rot | |||||
| chloropicrin | 76-06-2 | 81501 | Alfalfa stem nematode, Pink root of onion | |||||
| chlorothalonil | 1897-45-6 | 81901 | Botrytis blight, Downy mildew, Fusarium basal rot of garlic, Mycelial neck rot, Purple blotch, Stemphylium leaf blight and stalk rot | |||||
| copper fungicide 4e | 0 | |||||||
| cymoxanil | 57966-95-7 | 129106 | Downy mildew | |||||
| cyprodinil | 121552-61- | 288202 | Purple blotch, Stemphylium leaf blight and stalk rot | |||||
| dicloran | 99-30-9 | 31301 | ||||||
| difenoconazole | 119446-68- | 128847 | Purple blotch, Stemphylium leaf blight and stalk rot | |||||
| dimethomorph | 110488-70- | 268800 | Downy mildew | |||||
| famoxadone | 131807-57- | 113202 | Downy mildew | |||||
| fenamidone | 161326-34- | 46679 | Purple blotch, Stemphylium leaf blight and stalk rot | |||||
| fludioxonil | 131341-86- | 71503 | Purple blotch, Stemphylium leaf blight and stalk rot | |||||
| fluopicolide | 239110-15- | 27412 | Downy mildew | |||||
| fosetyl-al | 39148-24-8 | 123301 | Downy mildew | |||||
| iprodione | 36734-19-7 | 109801 | Botrytis blight, Mycelial neck rot, Purple blotch, Stemphylium leaf blight and stalk rot | |||||
| mancozeb | 8018-01-7 | 14504 | Downy mildew, Fusarium basal rot of garlic, Purple blotch, Stemphylium leaf blight and stalk rot | |||||
| maneb | 12427-38-2 | 14505 | Downy mildew | |||||
| mefenoxam | 70630-17-0 | 113502 | Downy mildew | |||||
| metalaxyl | 57837-19-1 | 113501 | ||||||
| propiconazole | 60207-90-1 | 122101 | Purple blotch, Stemphylium leaf blight and stalk rot | |||||
| pyraclostrobin | 175013-18- | 99100 | Downy mildew, Purple blotch, Stemphylium leaf blight and stalk rot | |||||
| pyrimethanil | 53112-28-0 | 288201 | Botrytis blight, Mycelial neck rot | |||||
| tebuconazole | 107534-96- | 128997 | Purple blotch, Stemphylium leaf blight and stalk rot |
| Active Ingredient | Description | Brands | CAS | PC | Pests | REI (hrs) | PHI (days) | HRAC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bensulide | 741-58-2 | 9801 | Annual bluegrass, Cheatgrass, Curly dock, Foxtail, Henbit, Lambsquarters, London rocket, Purslane, Rescuegrass, Texas thistle, Wild carrot | |||||
| bromoxynil | 1689-84-5 | 35301 | Curly dock, Henbit, Lambsquarters, London rocket, Purslane, Texas thistle, Wild carrot | |||||
| carfentrazone-ethyl | 128639-02- | 128712 | ||||||
| clethodim | 99129-21-2 | 121011 | Johnsongrass | |||||
| dcpa | 1861-32-1 | 78701 | Annual bluegrass, Cheatgrass, Foxtail, Rescuegrass | |||||
| dcpa | 1861-32-1 | 78701 | Curly dock, Henbit, Lambsquarters, London rocket, Purslane, Texas thistle, Wild carrot | |||||
| dimethenamid | 87674-68-8 | 129051 | Annual bluegrass, Cheatgrass, Curly dock, Foxtail, Henbit, Lambsquarters, London rocket, Purslane, Rescuegrass, Texas thistle, Wild carrot | |||||
| ethofumesate | 26225-79-6 | 110601 | Annual bluegrass, Cheatgrass, Curly dock, Foxtail, Henbit, Lambsquarters, London rocket, Purslane, Rescuegrass, Texas thistle, Wild carrot | |||||
| fluazifop | 69806-50-4 | 122805 | Johnsongrass | |||||
| flumioxazin | 141490-50- | 129034 | Curly dock, Henbit, Lambsquarters, London rocket, Purslane, Texas thistle, Wild carrot | |||||
| fluroxypyr | 69377-81-7 | 128959 | Curly dock, Henbit, Lambsquarters, London rocket, Purslane, Texas thistle, Wild carrot | |||||
| oxyfluorfen | 42874-03-3 | 111601 | Curly dock, Henbit, Lambsquarters, London rocket, Purslane, Texas thistle, Wild carrot | |||||
| pendimethalin | 40487-42-1 | 108501 | Annual bluegrass, Cheatgrass, Curly dock, Foxtail, Henbit, Lambsquarters, London rocket, Purslane, Rescuegrass, Texas thistle, Wild carrot | |||||
| s-metolachlor | 87392-12-9 | 108800 | Annual bluegrass, Cheatgrass, Curly dock, Foxtail, Henbit, Lambsquarters, London rocket, Purslane, Rescuegrass, Texas thistle, Wild carrot | |||||
| sethoxydim | 74051-80-2 | 121001 | Johnsongrass | |||||
| trifluralin | 1582-09-8 | 36101 | Annual bluegrass, Cheatgrass, Curly dock, Foxtail, Henbit, Lambsquarters, London rocket, Purslane, Rescuegrass, Texas thistle, Wild carrot |
| Active Ingredient | Description | Brands | CAS | PC | Pests | REI (hrs) | PHI (days) | IRAC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acetamiprid | 135410-20- | 99050 | ||||||
| bacillus thuringiensis (bt) | 0 | |||||||
| chlorantraniliprole | 500008-45- | 90100 | ||||||
| chlorpyrifos | 2921-88-2 | 59101 | Onion maggot | |||||
| cypermethrin | 52315-07-8 | 109702 | Cutworms, Onion thrips, Western flower thrips | |||||
| cyromazine | 66215-27-8 | 121301 | Asiatic onion leafminer | |||||
| diazinon | 59928-80-2 | 57801 | Onion maggot, Onion thrips, Western flower thrips | |||||
| formetanate | 22259-30-9 | 465200 | ||||||
| imidacloprid | 138261-41- | 129099 | ||||||
| kaolin clay | 1332-58-7 | 100104 | ||||||
| lambda-cyhalothrin | 91465-08-6 | 128897 | Cutworms | |||||
| malathion (no inert use) | 121-75-5 | 57701 | Onion maggot | |||||
| methomyl | 27519-02-4 | 90301 | Cutworms, Onion thrips, Western flower thrips | |||||
| oxamyl | 23135-22-0 | 103801 | Alfalfa stem nematode | |||||
| permethrin | 52645-53-1 | 109701 | Asiatic onion leafminer, Onion maggot | |||||
| pyrethrins | 8003-34-7 | 69001 | ||||||
| pyriproxyfen | 95737-68-1 | 129032 | ||||||
| rotenone | 83-79-4 | 71003 | ||||||
| soap | 90990-14-0 | 79009 | ||||||
| spinetoram (amixture of spinetoram-j and spinetoram-l) | 935545-74- | 110007 | ||||||
| spinetoram (minor component (4-methyl)) | 187166-15- | 110009 | Onion thrips | |||||
| spinosad | 168316-95- | 110003 | ||||||
| spirotetramat | 0 | |||||||
| tebufenozide | 112410-23- | 129026 | ||||||
| zeta-cypermethrin | Unknown | 129064 | Cutworms, Onion thrips, Western flower thrips |
The Ecological Fate and Effects Division of the US EPA Office of Pesticide Programs is continuing efforts to update the database with all EPA reviewed ecotoxicity endpoints for pesticides registered or previously registered in the U.S. The toxicity data is compiled from actual studies reviewed by EPA in conjunction with pesticide registration or re-registration and studies performed by US EPA, USDA and US FWS laboratories which have been reviewed by Agency biologists and judged acceptable for use in the ecological risk assessment process. The research contains acute and chronic toxicity endpoints on terrestrial and aquatic plants, aquatic invertebrates, terrestrial invertebrates, insects, amphibians, fish, birds, reptiles, and wild mammals. Please visit the US EPA Ecotoxicity Database for more information.
| Pesticide | Type of Organism | Common Name | Scientific Name |
|---|
| Pests | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asiatic Onion Leafminer | |||||||||||||
| Beet Armyworm | |||||||||||||
| Cutworms | |||||||||||||
| Fall armyworm | |||||||||||||
| Onion maggot | |||||||||||||
| Onion Thrips | |||||||||||||
| Western flower thrips | |||||||||||||
| Botrytis blight | |||||||||||||
| downy mildew | |||||||||||||
| Fusarium basal rot of garlic | |||||||||||||
| mycelial neck rot | |||||||||||||
| pink root of onion | |||||||||||||
| purple blotch | |||||||||||||
| Stemphylium leaf blight and stalk rot | |||||||||||||
| annual bluegrass | |||||||||||||
| cheatgrass | |||||||||||||
| Curly dock | |||||||||||||
| foxtail | |||||||||||||
| Henbit | |||||||||||||
| Johnsongrass | |||||||||||||
| Lambsquarters | |||||||||||||
| London rocket | |||||||||||||
| purslane | |||||||||||||
| rescuegrass | |||||||||||||
| Texas thistle | |||||||||||||
| wild carrot | |||||||||||||
| alfalfa stem nematode | |||||||||||||
| Cobb's root-lesion nematode | |||||||||||||
| root-knot nematode | |||||||||||||
| stubby root nematodes |
| Chemicals | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,3-Dichloropropene (Fumigant) | |||||||||||||
| Potassium N-methyldithiocarbamate (Fumigant) | |||||||||||||
| Azoxystrobin (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| boscalid (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Chloropicrin (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Chlorothalonil (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Copper fungicide 4e (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Cymoxanil (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Cyprodinil (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Dicloran (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Difenoconazole (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Dimethomorph (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Famoxadone (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Fenamidone (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Fludioxonil (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Fluopicolide (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Fosetyl-Al (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Iprodione (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Mancozeb (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Maneb (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Mefenoxam (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Metalaxyl (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Propiconazole (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Pyraclostrobin (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Pyrimethanil (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Tebuconazole (Fungicide) | |||||||||||||
| Bensulide (Herbicide) | |||||||||||||
| Bromoxynil (Herbicide) | |||||||||||||
| Carfentrazone-ethyl (Herbicide) | |||||||||||||
| Clethodim (Herbicide) | |||||||||||||
| DCPA (Herbicide) | |||||||||||||
| DCPA (Herbicide) | |||||||||||||
| Dimethenamid (Herbicide) | |||||||||||||
| Ethofumesate (Herbicide) | |||||||||||||
| Fluazifop (Herbicide) | |||||||||||||
| Flumioxazin (Herbicide) | |||||||||||||
| Fluroxypyr (Herbicide) | |||||||||||||
| Oxyfluorfen (Herbicide) | |||||||||||||
| Pendimethalin (Herbicide) | |||||||||||||
| S-Metolachlor (Herbicide) | |||||||||||||
| Sethoxydim (Herbicide) | |||||||||||||
| Trifluralin (Herbicide) | |||||||||||||
| Acetamiprid (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Chlorantraniliprole (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Cypermethrin (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Cyromazine (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Diazinon (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Formetanate (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Imidacloprid (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Kaolin clay (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| lambda-Cyhalothrin (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Malathion (NO INERT USE) (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Methomyl (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Oxamyl (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Permethrin (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Pyrethrins (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Pyriproxyfen (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Rotenone (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Soap (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Spinetoram (amixture of spinetoram-J and spinetoram-L) (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Spinetoram (minor component (4-methyl)) (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Spinosad (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Spirotetramat (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Tebufenozide (Insecticide) | |||||||||||||
| Zeta-Cypermethrin (Insecticide) |
Crop Protection Handbook 2009. MeisterPro Information Resources.
Dainello, F.D. and J.R. Anciso. 2004. Commercial Vegetable Production: Recommendations for Texas. Texas Cooperative Extension. B-6159.
Flint, M. L. and S. H. Dreistadt. 1998. Natural Enemies Handbook – The illustrated guide to biological pest control. University of California Press. 154 pages.
Texas Agricultural Statistics Service. 2010. http://www.nass.usda.gov
The authors of this document would like to acknowledge the Texas Vegetable Association for their cooperation in the development of this PMSP and the Southern Region IPM Center for providing financial support.